Archive for November, 2011
Jesus begotten Son of God #3 Messiah or Anointed one
The Anointed begotten Son of God
9. Messiah or Anointed one
As Christians we do speak about Jesus Christ the Messiah. The term Messiah is derived from the Hebrew root word mashiach. The verb is used when an object, an altar for example, was consecrated for a sacred purpose. The noun mashiach is used to describe a person consecrated for service to God. The Hebrews believed that when God anointed a person, that person received a measure of the Holy Spirit. He became a vehicle of the activity of God in a special way. Prophets, priests and kings were anointed for the sacred offices they held. Thus the OT Scriptures speak of many “christs” or “anointed ones.”[1]+[2]
The term is used to identify a specially commissioned servant of God. There is no hint that “messiahs” were to be Deity! They were agents of the One God.
There was one Messiah who was promised long beforehand.
“Those who oppose יהוה are shattered, from the heavens He thunders against them. יהוה judges the ends of the earth, and gives strength to His sovereign, and exalts the horn of His anointed.” (1 Samuel 2:10 The Scriptures 1998+)
‘And I shall raise up for Myself a trustworthy priest who does according to what is in My heart and in My being. And I shall build him a steadfast house, and he shall walk before My anointed forever. (1 Samuel 2:35 The Scriptures 1998+)
The sovereigns of the earth take their stand, And the rulers take counsel together, Against יהוה and against His Messiah, and say, (Psalms 2:2 The Scriptures 1998+)
יהוה, remember the reproach of Your servants, That I have borne in my bosom – Of all the many peoples, With which Your enemies have reproached, O יהוה, With which they have reproached the footsteps of Your anointed. (Psalms 89:50-51 The Scriptures 1998+)
“For the sake of Your servant Dawiḏ, Do not turn away the face of Your Anointed One.” (Psalms 132:10 The Scriptures 1998+)
“And I put deliverance on her priests, And her kind ones sing for joy. “There I make the horn of Dawiḏ grow; I shall set up a lamp for My Anointed One. “I put shame on his enemies, While on Him His diadem shall shine.” (Psalms 132:16-18 The Scriptures 1998+)
“At the beginning of your supplications a word went out, and I have come to make it known, for you are greatly appreciated. So consider the word and understand the vision: “Seventy weeks are decreed for your people and for your set-apart city, to put an end to the transgression, and to seal up sins, and to cover crookedness, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up vision and prophet, and to anoint the Most Set-apart. “Know, then, and understand: from the going forth of the command to restore and build Yerushalayim until Messiah the Prince is seven weeks and sixty-two weeks. It shall be built again, with streets and a trench, but in times of affliction. “And after the sixty-two weeks Messiah shall be cut off and have naught. And the people of a coming prince shall destroy the city and the set-apart place. And the end of it is with a flood. And wastes are decreed, and fighting until the end. “And he shall confirm a covenant with many for one week. And in the middle of the week he shall put an end to slaughtering and meal offering. And on the wing of abominations he shall lay waste, even until the complete end and that which is decreed is poured out on the one who lays waste.” (Daniel 9:23-27 The Scriptures 1998+)
“So when you see the ‘abomination that lays waste,’ spoken of by Dani’ĕl the prophet, set up in the set-apart place” – he who reads, let him understand – (Matthew 24:15 The Scriptures 1998+)
“You shall go forth to save Your people, To save Your Anointed. You shall smite the Head from the house of the wrong, By laying bare from foundation to neck. Selah.” (Habakkuk 3:13 The Scriptures 1998+)
[1] What the Bible Teaches About the Promised Messiah, Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1993, 2.
[2] The term mashiach appears as a designation of various persons in the Old Testament:
Saul – 12 times: 1 Sam. 12:3, 5; 24:6 (twice), 10; 26:9, 11, 16, 23; 2 Sam. 1:14, 16, 21.
David – 6 times: 2 Sam. 19:21; 22:51; 23:1; Ps. 18:50; 20:6; 28:8.
Priest – 4 times: Lev. 4:3, 5, 16; 6:22.
Reigning king – 3 times: Lam. 4:20; Ps. 84:9; 89:38.
Patriarchs – twice: Ps. 105:15; 1 Chron. 16:22.
Solomon – once: 2 Chron. 6:42.
Prospective king – once: 1I Sam. 16:6.
Cyrus – once: Isa. 45:1.
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Preceding article: Jesus begotten Son of God #2 Christmas and pagan rites
To be continued
Read Full Post | Make a Comment ( 13 so far )Jesus begotten Son of God #2 Christmas and pagan rites
6. Interweaving with heathen or pagan rites
We as sincere Bible Students and followers of Christ should take the Words of God into account and should know that God does not like us to interweave with heathen happenings and idolatrous things.
Tammuz (the god of Evil) is the fourth of the twelve months of the Jewish calendar.Tammuz is the month of the sin of the golden calf, which resulted in the breaking of the Tablets. On that very day, the 17th of Tammuz, begins the three week period (ending on the 9th of Av) which commemorates the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem.
Christmas time is not a season of revival and up-building in the Church of God. We all should be aware that it is a pagan spell of evil, which spreads spiritual pollution as it rages among churches and believers for the time appointed. We recognise the problem that many live in an environment where this feast on the 25th December is valued very high. It is considered as the climax of the year, the most popular holiday season of the year. It is a real family happening. For many Christmas is the day when the driving power of this festival love reaches its zenith. No other day can equal it for fleshly revelry, and debauchery combined with a heathen misrepresentation of Christ which, as a fanatical religious orgy from every quarter swirls to a literal vortex of confusion and jamboree on December 25th.
And those who know and love the Truth are counted to be narrow-minded and sacrilegious if a protest is raised. So, such honest souls are forced to stand aside and witness annually this glittering cloud of pagan observances descend with a smothering and paralysing pall on all people. Christmas trees, Santa Clauses, coloured glass balls and figurines have all become part of the High celebration. People even tell stories of a Father Christmas bringing presents to all nice kids. And as we watch parents, who loudly proclaim the necessity of truthfulness in children, who advocate the need of so many social reformations and who bemoan the juvenile delinquency which prevails, deliberately teach their unsuspecting little ones the monstrous Santa Claus lie, we can only cry with the Apostle John “I wondered with great wonder” (Rev. 17:6 R.V.).
7. Day of the Sun or Baal
- The deity Tammuz with his symbol of evil, the cross in his hand
December 25 th according to the Julian calendar was the day when the sun, the Sun or Baal was the one only God, turned and had to be celebrated. The three headed god could be implemented on the three headed god of the Christians who agreed to this Trinity worshipping. The god of evil Tammuz (Syriac: ܬܡܘܙ, Hebrew: תַּמּוּז, Transliterated Hebrew: Tammuz, Tiberian Hebrew: Tammûz, Arabic: تمّوز Tammūz; Turkish: Temmuz Akkadian: Duʾzu, Dūzu; Sumerian: Dumuzid (DUMU.ZI(D) “faithful or true son”) had also to be honoured, because other while he could become angry. For the Roman Catholic Church it was easy to transplant the faithful and only son of God to this god of vegetation and fruitfulness, and his evil could be nailed on his sign of a cross, so instead having a portrait of Jesus dying at the stake they introduced the picture of the sign of the god of evil Tammuz: the cross. (Tammuz has also his month: July) According to some scholars the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is built over a cave that was originally a shrine to Adonis-Tammuz. (Giuseppe Ricciotti, Vita di Gesù Cristo, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana (1948) p. 276 n.) The Church Father Jerome who died in Bethlehem in 420, reports in addition that the holy cave was at one point consecrated by the heathen to the worship of Adonis, and a pleasant sacred grove planted before it, to wipe out the memory of Jesus. Modern mythologists, however, reverse the supposition, insisting that the cult of Adonis-Tammuz originated the shrine and that it was the Christians who took it over, substituting the worship of their own god.
Sun or Baal and Tammuz were the god incarnate, so Jesus also became god incarnate and they wanted to celebrate his incarnation on that festival of re-birth and festival of Light and Life. So Jesus became the Light and Life. “In the Hindoo mythology, which is admitted to be essentially Babylonian, this comes out very distinctly. There, Surya, or the Sun, is represented as being incarnate, and born for the purpose of subduing the enemies of the gods, who, without such a birth, could not have been subdued. ” + “It was no mere astronomical festival, then, that the Pagans celebrated at the winter solstice. That festival at Rome was called the feast of Saturn, and the mode in which it was celebrated there, showed whence it had been derived. The feast as regulated by Caligula, lasted five days; loose reins were given to drunkenness and revelry, slaves had temporary emancipation and used all manner of freedoms with their masters. This was precisely the way in which, according to Berosus, the drunken festival of the month Thebeth, answering to our December, in other words , the festival of Bacchus, was celebrated in Babylon… The Christmas tree, now so common among us, was equally common in pagan Rome and pagan Egypt. In Egypt that tree was the palm-tree; in Rome it was the fir; the palm tree denoting the pagan Messiah, as Baal-Tamar, the fir referring to him as Baal-Berith.” (The Two Babylons, by Alexander Hyslop, 96-97)
8. Feast of the Nativity of the Sun of Righteousnes
Goddess mother Semiramis with her child Tammuz in her arms
Unable to stamp out the popular festival in celebration of the Sun the church spiritualised it as the feast of the Nativity of the Sun of Righteousness. The Virgin Mary also could become the Sun itself and Queen of heaven while Christ Jesus her rays, the light for all humans and symbol of fertility.
Centuries after the Saviour’s birth in Bethlehem the festival of the Sun god was adopted by the Christian Church, given the name Christmas and thereafter celebrated as the birthday of the Son of God and of the incarnate God the Son!
Nativity scene at Sacred Heart Catholic Church, in the historic Barelas neighborhood, Albuquerque, NM, Jan 2008.
You can question yourself about many of the most popular Christmas customs – including Christmas trees, mistletoe, Christmas presents, and Santa Claus – being modern incarnations of the most depraved pagan rituals ever practised on earth, and how you either go with it and join the celebrations or withhold yourself, abstaining from any idolatrous action.
Let us honour the only One God, be thankful for His son He had given us to Save us, and let us keep to the Truth.
“God is spirit, and his worshippers must worship in spirit and in truth.”” (John 4:24 NIV)
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To be continued
Opening article: Jesus begotten Son of God #1 Christmas and Christians
Find also on Christmas:
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Related
Please read also:
- Jewish Group Condemns Anti-Christian ‘War on Christmas’
- There shall appear for you a star arising from Jacob in peace
- Wishing lanterns and Christmas
- Christmas, Saturnalia and the birth of Jesus
- Christmas trees
- Life is more than food, and the body more than clothes
- Christmas customs – Are They Christian?
- secularization of Christmas is a serious problem,
In Dutch:
- De geboorte van Jezus Christus was als volgt
- Atheïsme en feestdagen
- Kerstmis, Saturnalia en de geboorte van Jezus
- Kerststal in Recht van antwoord
- Kerstbomen
- De blijde boodschap kwam het eerst tot eenvoudige lieden
- Het grootste geschenk ons gegeven
- Kerstmis Geboortefeest en leven
- Kerst en wenslampions
- Bij deze geschenkjestijd
- Plaatsing van Kerstviering
- Kerststal in Recht van antwoord
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Please do find that we are not the only ones who think Christmas is not Christian: do read also:
- From a midwinter celebration to a Christian feast
- Is Christmas Christian?
- The Christ – Mass Lie
- Traditions December 25- The Roman festival of Saturnalia
- The Real Story of Christmas
- What Does the Catholic Church Teach About Christmas and the Holy Days?
- Have nothing to do with Godless Myths and old wives’ tales
- Rome Marketed and Packaged Christ
- The Christmas Compromise
- It All Began With a Tree The Snake – The Tree – and Christmas
- Christmas is a Compromise With Pagans
- The “CULT” of Christmas
- Christmas, Pope Gregory, and The Devil That “Famous” Letter
- Bearing Witness to the Truth
- Jesus Was NOT Born in December
- Breaking The Very First of The Ten Commandments with The Many gods of Christmas
- Who Are You Really Honoring on December 25th ?
- Nimrod and Babylon
- A Christmas Comparison – A Parable to Consider
- How Did The Early Christians View December 25th ?
- “Santa” is Like “a god” -
- Who is Krampus ?- Santa’s Evil Helper
- Christmas “EXCUSES”- Save Them For Christ
- Santa Claus and sun-god Worship
- Christmas – XMAS – What Would Christ Say ?
- What Would Christ Do ?
- Does Christmas Have God’s Approval ?
- CHRISTMAS – How “Un-Like” Christ
- The “Holly god” of Christmas
- “Christmas” is a ”Mockery” of Christ – Why ?
- “SATAN” is the “Invisible” god of Christmas - How ?
- The Snake – The Tree – and Christmas
- It All Began with a Tree
- Christmas is a Compromise With Pagans
- Reindeer and Christmas What is the Connection ?
- The “ELVES” of Christmas What is the Connection ?
- The Christmas “Fireplace” – “Chimney” and “Hearth”
- What is the Connection?
- The “Nimrod” Tree Nimrod – The Lord of XMAS
- “Christmas” – is a Betrayal of Christ Following in the steps of Judas.
- Betraying Christ – Just Like Judas
- Christmas and Calf Worhip
- What do they have in common ?
- The Very First XMAS
- Began with Nimrod and Babylon
- The Christmas “TRAP”
- Have You Been Ensnared ?
- CHRISTMAS – How “Un-Like” Christ
- Christ Was NOT Born in December Christ Was Born in a Warm Month How Do We Know ? Does it Matter ?
- KRAMPUS and
- The Evil Origins of Christmas
- Americans Have “Sanitized” Christmas
- Cleaning-up the Pagan Trappings
- KRAMPUS in His Pocket
- Hiding under Santa’s Sleeve
- A Clever Deception
- The “Evolution” of Santa Claus
- Includes Krampus, Thor, Odin
- and The “Wild Man”
- Celebrating Christmas
- is “Breaking” The First Commandment
- How?
- Krampus on a Sled
- Krampus on some Skis
- Krampus on a Motorcycle
- Why is He Called Santa “Claus” (claws)?
- The Claws of Krampus
- Does Christmas Have God’s Approval ?
- Is Christmas Sanctioned by Christ ?
- The Christmas Krampus
- Has Been Forgotten - Why ?
- Can You Put Christ Back into Christmas ?
- What is the Reason for the Season?
- The Christmas “ENCHANTMENT”
- Christmas Appeals to All Your Senses
- Including Your Emotions
- and Addictive Shoppers -
- The Christmas Compromise
- It All Began With a Tree
- The Snake – The Tree -and Christmas
- Pope Gregory, and The Devil That “Famous”
- The “Holly god” of Christmas
- The “Nimrod” Tree
- Nimrod – The Lord of XMAS
- “Santa” is Like “a god” – Santa Claus and sun-god Worship
- Reindeer and Christmas What is the Connection ?
- The Christmas “Fireplace” – “Chimney” and “Hearth” What is the Connection?
- The “Vestal Virgins” of pagan…
- CHRISTMAS AND “BABYLON THE…
- ROME ADOPTED THE NAMELESS…
- ROME Traded Places with Pagani…
- ROME Adopted The Mother godde…
- Rome Adopted the “Babylonian”…
- ROME and The Great Religious…
- Rome Battled Against Jehoshua’…
- The “Pontifex Maximus” of Rom…
- CHRISTIANITY WAS CORRUPTED…
- ARE YOU SAYING “AMEN” -…
- THE “HOLY” CRUSADES “murde…
- Why is God So Angry ? Why is…
- Christmas Customs–Are They Christian? – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
The Christmas season is here. Is it a spiritual occasion, or is it only a festive and merry period? - Has Christmas Lost Christ? – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Has the modern-day celebration of Christmas lost sight of Christ? - Take Your Stand for True Worship – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
To please God, you must reject false worship and take a stand for true worship. What does this include? - The Christmas Spirit All Year Round? – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Most admit that any positive feelings engendered by Christmas are often short-lived. - How Should Jesus Christ Be Remembered? – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
What is the best way to remember the birth and life of Jesus? - A Birth to Be Remembered – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
What is the best way to remember the birth and life of Jesus? - Can a Pagan Holiday Be Made Christian? – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Just what are the origins of many of the Christmas traditions? - Beliefs and Customs That Displease God – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
In 16 well-illustrated lessons, this brochure presents the Bible’s basic teachings. - When Was Jesus Born? – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Was Jesus born in December? Does it really matter whether he was or not? - Jesus’ Birth–The Real Story – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
The real Jesus is often lost in Christmas celebrations. Why, there is no record that he ever even told the disciples his date of birth; nor is there any indication that his followers celebrated his birthday. - Was Luke in Error? – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
How could Jesus, who grew up in Nazareth and was commonly known as the Nazarene, have been born in Bethlehem, some 90 miles away?. - Building on Pagan Foundations – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Among the many impressive monuments that are visited by tourists to Rome, Italy, is the Pantheon. - Contact Us – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Request additional information from Jehovah’ Witnesses, or assistance with Bible study - Jesus Birth How It Brings Peace – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
The prophecies surrounding Jesus birth assure those who have God s goodwill that they can enjoy genuine peace forever. - An End to War – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
The Bible explains that real peace requires and end of war, not in just one region of the globe, but in all the earth. - Can the Bible Help Us Today? – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Though the Bible continues to be a best-seller worldwide, millions pay scant attention to it and are unfamiliar with its teachings. - Worshiping God With Truth – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Jehovah’s Witnesses study the Bible and teach it as the truth, without incorporating the diluting influence of human philosophies. - The Truth Will Set You Free – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
It is only by faith in the sacrifice of Jesus’ perfect human life that anyone can be freed from sin and death. - The Family–An Emergency Case! – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
The family institution has deteriorated so rapidly that the question, Will it survive? is becoming increasingly relevant. - Child Custody–A Balanced View – Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Web Site
Often, the real challenge comes after the divorce, in a struggle for the affection and control of the child.
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- What do you want for Christmas (Video)
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Related articles
- Welcome to Advent. 2011. {1} (paulburkhart.wordpress.com)
Yes, this time of year was arbitrarily chosen centuries ago to recast pagan lunar festivals in a new light. Yes, many of the traditions of Christmas (fir trees, gift-giving, wreaths, etc.) find their source in pagan socio-religious rites. - What’s the true meaning of Christmas? (mrbenblogs.wordpress.com)
The theme of ‘true meaning of Christmas’, ‘Easter is what it’s all about’, and ‘Keep coming back’ are good for the season.
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The Christmas story is exciting, deep, and a defining point of what it is to be human. This point of history starts of God’s salvation story for humanity. The gateway to the divine was born for everyone to meet. - Danish Church hanged santa to forsake the devil (ivarfjeld.wordpress.com)
- Christians promote “Coca Cola santa” for Christmas (ivarfjeld.wordpress.com)
- The REAL “Christmas” (urbanintell.com)
Jesus was not born on December 25th. However, a whole bunch of pagan gods were born on that day. In fact, pagans celebrated a festival involving a heroic supernatural figure that visits an evergreen tree and leaves gifts on December 25th long before Jesus was ever born. - Io, Saturnalia! (blogcritics.org)
Every year there are outrages committed by shoppers who completely ignore the religious sentiments intended. This year was no exception, with a woman pepper spraying something like 20 other shoppers to ensure she got one of the come-on discounted video game consoles, and other shoppers ignoring a dying manbecause there were bargains to be had. Where Would Jesus Shop? - Who was Tammuz and how does he compare to Christ (wiki.answers.com)
Tammuz, also known as Dumuzi, was the shepherd-god and lover of the goddess Astarte or Inanna. Ezekiel 8:14 describes women in the Jerusalem Temple ‘weeping for Tammuz’. - 1 John 4-5 (mybiblereadingplan.wordpress.com)
Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God dwelleth in him, and he in God. And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. God is love; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him. Herein is our love made perfect, that we may have boldness in the day of judgment: because as he is, so are we in this world.
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Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is born of God: and every one that loveth him that begat loveth him also that is begotten of him. By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments. For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments are not grievous. For whatsoever is born of God overcometh the world: and this is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith. - Marriages of the Bible: Mary and Joseph (lovechristdesiremarriage.wordpress.com)
Most scholars point to the fact that Mary is very young when she got married, with some sources citing she was as young as twelve. I’m guessing Joseph most likely was older, perhaps in his mid to late twenties (practically a cripple!). I’ve always found it interesting that God sent the angel to Mary after she was engaged to be married, not before. The Lord clearly expresses his desire for children to be established within formed marriages – which makes for the sad experience for Joseph when he believes his betrothed to have been involved in adultery. I’n going to discuss two critical things we can take away from the marriage of Jesus’ earthly parents.
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Mary and Joseph had an extreme amount of responsibility to bring Jesus up according to God’s law, and it is also a huge honor that the Father entrusted His Son to them. We can gather from their example that God delights in using marriage to honor Him – and that the process of growing together and starting a family is just part of that. We all need people to lean and depend on; I’m pretty sure neither Mary nor Joseph could have handled bringing up the Son of God on their own. Their experience most likely was one of daily submission and recognition of God’s work in their lives, both to one another and by themselves, even when they messed up or didn’t quite understand what was going on. - Samhain Goddess – Ishtar (witchesofthecraft.wordpress.com)
If she (Ishtar) will not grant thee her release,
To Tammuz, the lover of her youth,
Pour out pure waters, pour out fine oil;
With a festival garment deck him that he may play on the flute of lapis lazuli,
That the votaries may cheer his liver. [his spirit]
Belili [sister of Tammuz] had gathered the treasure,
With precious stones filled her bosom.
When Belili heard the lament of her brother, she dropped her treasure,
She scattered the precious stones before her,
“Oh, my only brother, do not let me perish!
On the day when Tammuz plays for me on the flute of lapis lazuli, playing it for me with the porphyry ring.
Together with him, play ye for me, ye weepers and lamenting women!
That the dead may rise up and inhale the incense.” - Christmas Outside The Box – Week 1, Forever Now (fumcoutofthebox.com)
People who live to be 70 spend on average 3 years waiting. In line, elevators, restaurants, etc…..What to do while we wait?Prepare and Rest, but don’t get Distracted - Christmas: Was Messiah Yeshua (Jesus) Really Born on December 25th? – From Colorado (terri0729.wordpress.com)
Christians around the world have already set up their Christmas trees,
bought their presents to give family and friends, and depending on which
denomination they are a part of, will be celebrating the prophetic
fulfillment of the birth of the Jewish Messiah in Bethlehem. - What You May Not Know About Christmas (disclose.tv)
Many professing Christians are indignantly insisting that people stop de-Christifying the celebration of Christmas in the name of political correctness. Are they even aware of this holiday’s decidedly non-Christian origins?
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The attachment people feel to these days isn’t surprising. After all, these traditions have been going on for hundreds of generations. Consider the following description in the Bible: “[F]or one cutteth a tree out of the forest, the work of the hands of the workman, with the axe. They deck it with silver and with gold; they fasten it with nails and with hammers, that it move not” (Jeremiah 10:3-4). That description, clearly describing a Christmas tree, was recorded in the book of Jeremiah hundreds of years before the birth of Christ. - Origins of Christmas (islamgreatreligion.wordpress.com)
Let us now move on to the “birthday of Jesus”, Christmas. Jesus (pbuh) is commonly considered to have been born on the 25th of December. However, it is common knowledge among Christian scholars that he was not born on this day.
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So who else celebrated the 25th of December as the birth day of their gods before it was agreed upon as the birth day of Jesus (pbuh)? Well, there are the people of India who rejoice, decorate their houses with garlands, and give presents to their friends on this day. The people of China also celebrate this day and close their shops. The pagan god Buddha is believed to have been born on this day when the “Holy Ghost” descended on his virgin mother Maya. The great saviour and god of the Persians, Mithras, is also believed to have been born on the 25th of December long before the coming of Jesus (pbuh). - Beyond the Christmas Lights: Peeling Back the Pagan Traditions (Part 1) By Mark Hensch (trinityspeaks.wordpress.com)
Recent winters have seen Christians fighting against the “War on Christmas” to defend Nativity scenes, the real meaning behind the holiday, and wishing people a “Merry Christmas” instead of “Happy Holidays.” But just how much of the Christmas traditions we see today is truly Christian in origin? - The Pagan Roots Of Christmas(witchesofthecraft.com)
The early Christians quite consciously chose the pagan sun holiday for the celebration of their Son-god’s birth.Christmas falls during the Roman Saturnalia and at the birth of the Mithraic sun god. According to“A Witches Bible Compleat”, by Janet and Stewart Farrar, the Archbishop of Constantinople wrote thatchurch fathers fixed the Nativity during the pagan holidays because “while the heathen were busied withtheir profane rites, the Christian might perform their holy ones without disturbance.”
- What Did Jesus Say About Christmas?(ahmedsaj.wordpress.com)
The perfect Christmas tree is bought. Adorned with ornaments and glittering with tinsel, it stands by the window. The stores are crammed with shoppers hunting for presents and the little ones anxiously waiting for Santa.
Busy with Christmas fever, wonder did you ever, did the Bible or Jesus made any injunction on Christmas ever?
- Origin of Christmas – Lawrence Kelemen (promoteliberty.wordpress.com)
Roman pagans first introduced the holiday of Saturnalia, a week long period of lawlessness celebrated between December 17-25. During this period, Roman courts were closed, and Roman law dictated that no one could be punished for damaging property or injuring people during the weeklong celebration. The festival began when Roman authorities chose “an enemy of the Roman people” to represent the “Lord of Misrule.” Each Roman community selected a victim whom they forced to indulge in food and other physical pleasures throughout the week. At the festival’s conclusion, December 25th, Roman authorities believed they were destroying the forces of darkness by brutally murdering this innocent man or woman. - What Did Jesus Say About Christmas? (islamgreatreligion.wordpress.com)
God, by his mercy, sent numerous Prophets throughout history to all nations as guides and role models. Some of the prophets were Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Jesus and the Last Prophet Muhammad (peace be on all of them). They all came with the same basic message, which is the Oneness of God, without any partners, sons or daughters. - What Did Jesus Say About Christmas?(ahmedsaj.wordpress.com)
The word ‘Christmas’ does not exist in the Bible. The Bible has closed lips on the entire feast of Christmas, with one exception, the decoration of a tree. The Bible itself criticizes the decoration of the (Christmas) trees:
“The customs of the people are worthless, they cut a tree out of the forest, and a craftsman shapes it with his chisel, they adore it with silver and gold, they fasten it with hammer and nails so it will not totter” (Jeremiah 10-3,4).
+If Jesus meant his followers to celebrate Christmas, he would have practiced it himself and enjoined it on his followers. There is no mention in the entire Bible that any of his followers ever celebrated Jesus’ birthday like Christians do today.
“The church did not observe a festival for the celebration of the event of Christmas until the 4th century” (Grolier’s Encyclopedia)
Thus we see that neither the Bible nor Jesus and his companions say anything about the celebration of Christmas which currently involves fanfare, commercialization, and extravagent spending, devoid of any spiritual relevance.
Jesus begotten Son of God #1 Christmas and Christians
The Anointed begotten Son of God
1. Jesus and Christians
All Christians think they do know Christ Jesus. We as Christians can only do hope that those who want to become a Christian and those who call themselves Christian sincerely would be willing to investigate who that Jesus from Nazareth, who was called the Messiah, was.
When Jesus was somebody on this earth you can wonder how he came on to this earth and what he was before he came in the public picture. Then it becomes important as well to look at the teaching of that man that Christians say they are following. Do they really follow what that man said? Are those Christians really willing to listen to the words of that Master Teacher?
If you are saying you are or if you want to become a Christian you should really be eager to get to know Jesus Christ in full. Not just accepting what certain denominations say he is and was and shall be, but understanding what the Bible, the Holy Scriptures and the Word of God is saying about him.
2. Christmas
Child singers carrying a star with icon of a saint. Bucharest, 1842
Many churches celebrate the Advent in the month of December and on the 25th of December they celebrate the birth of the Saviour Jesus. Historically Jesus, or better Jeshua (which was his real name) was born from the virgin Mary, Maria or better Miryam/Miriam (to use the Hebrew name) in Bethlehem on the 17th October 4 before our Common Era (often indicated by -4 AD)
Most people would think “Christmas is Christian”, but we are afraid though this may be a general thinking it should really not be a Christian feast. And Christians should be able to find that there is something wrong with the so called birthday of Jesus.
According to the Holy Scriptures the angel Gabriel visited Zacharias during the course of Abia which we learn from 1 Chronicles 24:7-10, was the 8th of 24 courses during a 12 month year. Each group of priests (all except the most senior who were on duty more often) officiated in the Temple for two weeks every year. Zacharias’ turn of duty came when the 8th group (Abijah’s) attended; which was during weeks 15 and 16 after the start of the year, the month Nissan, which at our time would be in the time we call March or very early April.
The Word of God tells us that Elisabeth was conceived in early July and six months after Elisabeth, Mary was in conceived early January. A human pregnancy takes about 9 months; which brings us to an autumn date in late September/early October.
From the worldly books we also do know that the Romans wanted to count all their inhabitants late September/early October coinciding with the Week of Tabernacles, the most sacred week in the sacred calendar so that most people could make themselves free to go to the count offices for the census. The Week of Tabernacles is a memorial of Israel’s 40 years in the wilderness when the nation lived in ‘tabernacles’ (booths or tents) and when Jehovah took up residence in a ‘tabernacle’ which was pitched in the centre of the camp. (Leviticus 23:23-44)
3. Leitmotiv
When you also carefully follow the Bible you shall be able to find a leitmotiv. When you see that the thread is the Salvation you shall also be able to notice how God guided His people through history and how prophets predicted many things. Those divinations can be clearly seen as signs for us to understand and to follow. When you look at those prophecies and the timing it all counts up and every day becomes of a certain importance. As such we can consider one occasion as the low-level memorial of Tabernacles and than we do find the high-level reality of Tabernacles when Jeshua the Son of the Highest, the Messiah, took up residence in a frail human body. In other words, God ‘tabernacled‘ with mankind giving them the protector in the person of His Son Jeshua – Jesus Christ!
4. History
The Free Church of Scotland minister Alexander Hyslop (1807 – 1865) in his most famous book The Two Babylons: Papal worship Revealed to be the worship of Nimrod and His wife exposed the falsehood of the Roman Catholic Church. He was not afraid to use also the historical, read non theological writings and look at the historical facts. From those we can find out in which time Mary and Joseph went to Bethlehem for the census and when the three wise men or magicians went to follow the star to look for this new born King of kings.
Hyslop saw the many pagan rites which were introduced by the Roman Catholic Church and claimed therefore that is was a Babylonian mystery cult, and pagan. On the other hand he thought Protestants worshipped the true Jesus and the true God. He contended that Roman Catholic religious practices are actually pagan practices grafted onto true Christianity during the reign of Constantine, but then he also saw what was happening in Protestantism and how people did want to keep certain traditions. At this point, he alleged, the merger between the Roman state religion and its adoration of the mother and child was transferred to Christianity, merging Christian characters with pagan mythology. The Goddess was renamed Mary, and Jeshua or Jesus (Hail Zeus) was the renamed Jupiter-Puer, or “Jupiter the Boy”.
Hyslop wrote: “The festivals of Rome are innumerable; but five of the most important may be singled out for elucidation -viz., Christmas-day, Lady-day, Easter, the nativity of St. John, and the Feast of the Assumption. Each and all of these can be proved to be Babylonian.” (The Two Babylons, by Alexander Hyslop, page 91) and “… within the Christian Church no such festival as Christmas was ever heard of till the third century, and that not till the fourth century was far advanced did it gain much observance. How, then, did the Roman Church fix on December 25th as Christmas-day? Why, thus: Long before the fourth century, and long before the Christian era itself, a festival was celebrated among the heathen, at that precise time of the year, in honour of the birth of the son of the Babylonian queen of heaven; and it may fairly be presumed that in order to conciliate the heathen, and to swell the number of the nominal adherents of Christianity, the same festival was adopted by the Roman Church, giving it only the name of Christ. This tendency on the part of the Christians to meet Paganism half-way was very early developed … Upright men strove to stem the tide, but in spite of all their efforts, the apostasy went on, till the Church, with the exception of a small remnant, was submerged under Pagan superstition. That Christmas was originally a Pagan festival is beyond all doubt. The time of the year, the ceremonies with which it is still celebrated, prove its origin. In Egypt, the son of Isis, the Egyptian title for the queen of heaven, was born at this very time, ‘about the time of the winter solstice.’” (Ibid. page 93)
Non-religious, but historical books and encyclopaedic works, often saw the faulty claims for the birthday of the person who was born at Bethlehem, lived at Nazareth, did many miraculous things, was brought before the court of Pilate and brought to dead on a wooden stake. Though even the Catholic Encyclopaedia 1911 edition agreed that “Christmas was not among the earliest festivals of the church … the first evidence of the feast is from Egypt.”
The Chambers Encyclopaedia 1908 Edition Vol.111 page 222, in her article on Christmas writes: “It is nevertheless almost certain that the 25th of December cannot be the nativity of the Saviour, for it is then the height of the rainy season in Judaea, and shepherds could hardly be watching their flocks by night in the plains … Not casually or arbitrarily was the festival of the nativity celebrated on the 25th of December. One of the principal causes that co-operated in fixing this period was that almost all the heathen nations regarded the winter solstice as the turning point of the year – the beginning of the renewed life and activity of the powers of nature, and of the gods who were merely the symbolic personifications of these. In more northern countries this fact must have made itself peculiarly palpable – hence the Celts and Germans, from the oldest times, celebrated the season with the greatest festivities. At the winter solstice the Norsemen held their great Yule-feast in commemoration of the fiery sun-wheel, and believed that during the twelve nights from the 25th December to the 6th January they could trace the personal movements and interferences on earth of their great deities, Odin, Beretha, etc. Many of the beliefs and usages of the old Germans, and also of the Romans, relating to this period, passed over from heathenism to Christianity, and have partly survived to the present day.”
5. Agreement to tradition
The first Christians having become an object of hatred, agreed in the 4th century CE to accept the Greek and Roman symbols for their gods and to let Christian feasts fall together with Heathen feasts.
In the 1970 edition page 538, article on Christmas, Chambers Encyclopaedia wrote: “There is no authoritative tradition as to the day or month of Christ’s birth … The winter solstice was regarded as the birthday of the sun and at Rome a pagan festival of the nativity of ‘sol invictus’ was introduced by the Emperor Aurelian on 25th December 274. The church, unable to stamp out this popular festival, spiritualised it as the feast of the Nativity of the Sun of Righteousness. When Christianity spread northwards it encountered a similar pagan festival also held at the winter solstice – the great Yule feast of the Norsemen. Once again Christmas absorbed heathen customs. From the various sources came the Yule log, the Christmas tree introduced into England from Germany and first mentioned in 1789.”
Not only Greek and Roman but in the West also a lot of Germanic heathen element have entered Christendom. We can find many of the heathen feast Jul or Yule, a Nordic name for that was celebrated in the middle of January. There were at least two such feasts or offerings every year in Scandinavia, one in midsummer and one in midwinter.
The Reverend Increase Mather of Boston observed in 1687 that “the early Christians who first observed the Nativity on December 25 did not do so thinking that Christ was born in that Month, but because the Heathens’ Saturnalia was at that time kept in Rome, and they were willing to have those Pagan Holidays metamorphosed into Christian ones.” Because of its known pagan origin, Christmas was banned by the Puritans and its observance was illegal in Massachusetts between 1659 and 1681.(Increase Mather, A Testimony against Several Prophane and Superstitious Customs, Now Practiced by Some in New England (London, 1687), p. 35. See also Stephen Nissenbaum, The Battle for Christmas: A Cultural History of America’s Most Cherished Holiday, New York: Vintage Books, 1997, p. 4 + Nissenbaum, p. 3.)
Though several Christians would not listen to famous scholars and historians revealing amazing facts they could take their lessons from the Bible and make their own analysis from what is given as data in the Holy Scriptures.
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To be continued
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Related articles
- Advent & Christmas (deaconjohn1987.wordpress.com)
Love of the Babe of Bethlehem, who was born to redeem us, caused
Catholics, in centuries long gone by, to introduce into our churches
a representation of the crib, the Divine Babe, The Blessed Mother,
St. Joseph, and the Shepherds. St. Francis of Assisi deserves the
credit of making this practice very popular. His zeal prompted him to
place at Graccio a representation of the cave of Bethlehem. His plan
permitted the Faithful vividly to grasp the story of Bethlehem and to
realize the poverty and suffering of our Saviour in the bleak, cold
stable where He was born. The plan has spread to churches in all
parts of the world. - Cardinal: Pray to Mary, who is our teacher (ivarfjeld.wordpress.com)
Since we have direct access to God through Jesus the Messiah, you make a mockery of Him, when you do not listen to His instructions.
Jewish Miriam was a sinner, a created being. Those who worship created beings, have been lead into an idolatrous life. If such people to not repent, they will all perish. Those you will find in the Kingdom of Heaven, have all lived by faith in Him. - The Savior of the World was born by a Virgin! (ivarfjeld.wordpress.com)
The question of whether or not Jesus’ mother Mary was actually a virgin, or if it even matters if she was, is causing tremendous controversy in many parts of what calls itself “The Christian World” today. - Often we see that Christmas has not much to do any more with what some consider the reason to celebrate.
Last night (innerdialect.wordpress.com)
through Christmas and New Year. Maybe all the wars they rumor will come. The earthquakes and floods,. Rapture even. Dear Lord, dear heaven, all the things we grumble about : prices and petrol, pollution and naughty kids running up and down the stairs…
Another way looking at a language #7 Lingua Franca
Another way looking at a language
20. Aramaic or Greek Lingua Franca
All of Rav Shaul’s epistles (with the possible exception of Philemon since it was sent through a Roman contact, then to the assembly) were sent to Synagogues that contained Jewish and Gentile believers whose halakha (legal faith practices) were governed by Ya’akov HaTzadik (James the Just) head of the Jerusalem Assembly. This is why in Acts 9 and 15 James writes letters in Aramaic (about circumcision and other matters) for individuals like Rav Shaul to deliver. Once delivered, a meturgeman (targumist) would translate the letters into Greek for Greek speaking members. There is plenty of evidence indicating inconsistency of Greek translation quality of Paul’s original Aramaic letters. Galatians was a terrible translation disaster, but 1 Corinthians was reasonably well translated. But there is clear evidence that Rav Shaul was well aware that “wolves” were going to misconstrue everything he said to posture their own ideas, for example:
1) 1 Corinthians 16:22 has the Aramaic phrase Maran Atha (our Master [Y’shua] comes) but why would he write this to a Greek audience? Using Maran Atha indicates two things:
a) This is a “distinguishing mark” that Rav Shaul refers to elsewhere as being in all his letters, a code word to authenticate his material from the many fakes that we know were circulating early,
See also 2 Thess. 3:17. Since the autographs are lost but the text is faithfully preserved in the Peshitta Aramaic traditions, it appears that Maran Atha appeared as some kind of seal or marking, but in 1 Cor. Rav Shaul chose to insert it in the body of the text.
b) The expectation by this distinguishing mark indicates that at least one person at the synagogue would be able to translate that Aramaic phrase for a Greek audience. The NT shows elsewhere
Acts 10 that Hebrew synagogue services were translated into Greek for the benefit of people like Cornelius. There is no reason to assume given the similar letters that James has delivered to Jews and Gentiles that the exact same process did not happen from the Aramaic to Greek Epistles. By this method, everything Rav Shaul wrote, with the possible exception of Philemon can be easily shown to have been targummed from Aramaic into Greek at the assembly level.
2) Paul states that he has a poor scribal hand/training in Galatians 6:11. He also admits in a variety of places that he has both co-writers and co-translators into Greek, as well as those who help him speak wherever he goes. We read in 2 Peter 3:15 and 16 where Peter states that Paul’s
letters are “difficult to understand” and those who are “ignorant and unstable pervert” what he writes as well as the “other scripture”. Paul’s letters were not considered as “Scripture.”
Scripture was and is the Torah, Prophets and Writings (Tanakh) and evidently the “theologians” that Peter talks about did not have a foundation in Tanakh; plus, they most likely bungled Paul’s writings because of it. However, we also see that both letters to the Thessalonians are from “Paul, Silas and Timothy.” That is also why the scribe Tertius writes his own name at the end of Romans (16:22) and why John Mark’s absence at Pamphylia results in Rav Shaul needing to travel with Luke and others instead. Put simply, Rav Shaul goes nowhere outside of Israel without a Greek translator like Barnabas, John-Mark, Luke etc..
3) There are many examples indicating good and bad targumming from Aramaic and into Greek, dearly indicating that Paul’s writings or dictation was originally in Aramaic.
If Luke was a Gentile why then would he write in Aramaic rather than Greek?
Luke’s Greek is the best by far in the Renewed Covenant writings, but the First Century Jewish historian Josephus’ Greek is superior; and Josephus admits several times that he wrote his histories in Aramaic and that even after nearly 30 years of living in Rome he was still not proficient in Greek. What is true for Josephus must also be considered for both Luke and Paul. Rav Shaul was a Pharisee who studied under Rabbi Gamaliel but Josephus descended from both priests and kings and was a leading Pharisee of his day.
Luke may have been a Gentile, but he was likely a Semitic Gentile. Although he worked in Troas, Asia Minor, he was born and raised in, “Antioch boomeus en” or “The famous Antioch “ meaning the one in Syria, not Pisdia. Syrian Antioch had a huge native Aramaic speaking population and it is from “Syria” that we get Syriac, a synonym for Aramaic. Aramaic speaking Jews and pagans have been living there for millennia. On the other hand, Antioch was also the seat of Roman power from at least 65 BCE (the Seleucids 100 years earlier, also Greek speakers) “and the” other half of the city was fully Hellenized as well. It was a center of tremendous Greco-Roman learning eclipsed perhaps only by Alexandria Egypt and her great library there.
There was perhaps no city on earth at that time more capable of producing the most sophisticated bi-lingual scholars than was the city of Luke’s birth. Therefore, his Greek mastery should be no surprise or unexplainable within the Aramaic primacist model. But even if Luke’s Greek is superior to the rest of the NT, this is not saying it is at par with wider classical standards, but only in comparison to the other targumists. From the reality of the Roman occupation there was no such thing as “KOINE Greek,” only good and bad classical Greek. The Alexandrian dialect of Classical Greek was likely similar to the way Americans mangle the English language and yet it is still understood by British folks even though they might wince at the different accents and expressions.
Frequently what we see in the NT Greek are attempts to retain Semitic word order which is opposite from the Classical or retain other Semitisms like casus pendens (and it happened while in the doing…). The tendency for Semitisms in NT Greek (things like NOT FEAR instead of FEAR NOT) were so great that some scholars in the 19th century posited a “Jewish Greek” dialect. The Western theological posturing of Greek lingua franca among the original followers of Y’shua versus tribal Hebrew and Aramaic vernacular is extremely far fetched when we understand that the original followers of Y’shua relied on the Hebrew Tanakh to prove or disprove Y’shua being Mashiyach. The highest authority of Scripture and ideas from which to make your best arguments come from the Tanakh. When evangelizing both Jews and Gentiles it was and is imperative to teach from the Tanakh to establish context and history. When sharing ideas, values terms and definitions that pertain to the Kingdom of Elohim and are as important as life itself, every individual prefers their vernacular language, most certainly not a vehicular language.
- From The Aramaic English New Testament
Peshitta English Aramaic Critical Edition
A Compilation, annotation and translation of the Eastern original Aramaic New Testament Peshitta text
Andrew Gabriel Yitzkhak bar Raphael
Andrew Gabriel Roth
Netzari Press
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Another way looking at a language #6 Set apart
Another way looking at a language
Ancient Hebrew inscriptions - Jewish Encyclopedia
"I am YHWH (YAHUWAH) your Almighty Loving El YA..Have no foreign gods before your face!" Shemoth / Ex 20:2-3
18. The Church
The second biggest teaching in Scripture is that our Creator and Saviour are building a “Set Apart Nation” (“church” never occurs in Scripture!) never heard of in modern Christianity before, called “YAsarel” (Almighty YAH Reigns)! It may be a chock to some not to find anywhere that there shall be build for God a “Roman Holy Catholic Church”.
Church is the word used in most English versions as a rendering of the Greek “ekklesia.” The Greek word means “a calling out,” “a meeting,” or “a gathering.” Ekklesia is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew qahal, which means an assembly or a congregation.
The origin of the word “church” is kuriakon or kyriakon in Greek. The meaning is a building (the house of Kurios, or Lord). In ancient times there were the houses to pray to Baal. The temples of the Lord (not our God, but Baal) were known as House of Kurios or the church, and therefore we should try to avoid the use of that word.
Circe Offering the Cup to Odysseus. Oldham Art Gallery, Oldham, U.K. 1891
Dictionaries give the origin of “church” as the Anglo-Saxon root, circe. Circe was the goddess-daughter of Helios, the sun-deity. The word circe is related to “circus,” “circle,” “circuit,” and “circulate.”
Circe ( /ˈsɜrsiː/; Greek Κίρκη Kírkē “falcon”) the ‘loveliest of all immortals,’ according to Homer‘s Odyssey, was originally a Greek goddess whose name was written and pronounced as Kirke and was the daughter of Helios, the god of the sun, and Perse, an Oceanid, and the sister of Aeetes, the keeper of the Golden Fleece, Perses, and Pasiphaë, the Wife of King Minos and mother of the Minotaur. The word “church” is known in Scotland as kirk, in Germany as Kirche, and in Belgium and Holland (the Netherlands) as kerk and as such indicating to the Germanic godess Kerke or Kirke.
The unity for the church is the unity of the believers who can come together to meet in ecclesiae. Their “church” should be the ecclesia of the community of believers in the Most High Elohim Hashem Jehovah YHWH and in His Son Jeshua, known to most as Jesus, the Messiah or Maschiach/Mashiyach.
19. Original-language Scriptures
There are 13,000 “Original-language Scriptures” in AbraUW (Paleo-Hebrew), IbraUW (Aramaic-Hebrew), Syriac, Coptic and Greek which are 50-75% trustworthy and basically agree. Some Aramaic words are still in use by many churches. We are all familiar with the words “Alleluia”, “Amen”, “Abba”, “Hosanna” and “Sabaoth” which are still in common usage in the western liturgy. Sometime in the last two centuries BCE the Samaritan alphabet began to diverge from the Jewish one. Unlike the Jews, the Samaritans have continued to use this script for writing both Hebrew and Aramaic texts until the present day. A comparison of the earliest Samaritan inscriptions and the medieval and modern Samaritan manuscripts clearly indicates that the Samaritan scriptis a static script which was used mainly as a book hand.
The Paleo-Hebrew script has been recently revived for specific use in several Sacred Name Bibles: including Zikarown Say’fer, The Besorah and the Halleluyah Scriptures. These translations use it for writing the Tetragrammaton and other divine names, incorporating these name written in this script in the midst of the English text.
The Aramaic English New Testament (AENT) is considered by some the most definitive Aramaic to English translation that has come forth in nearly 2,000 years, while other see also other renewed translations like The Word of YAH -The Kings Covenant also translated from the Original Scriptures. We shall use this year the 4rth Edition of the AENT which has as the 3rd edition of 2010 the Aramaic text in Hebrew letters with modern vowel pointing so making it easier to follow. It comes directly from Aramaic…
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Continues
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Please do find more:
The only Chair of both Hebrew and Aramaic world-wide is at Leiden University’s Department of Hebrew and Aramaic. Bachelor in Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, Middle Eastern Studies (with Hebrew) or a related study (see http://www.mastersinleiden.nl). + MA in Hebrew and Aramaic Languages and Culture > Hebrew and Aramaic Languages and Cultures
In the Aramaic Languages and Cultures specialisation, you will explore various Aramaic languages and literatures, including Syriac, Targumic Aramaic and Imperial Aramaic. You have the possibility to study various Aramaic languages, both individually and against the background of their 3000-year history.
+ a.o.: The historical grammar of Hebrew and the development of the Tiberian tradition, which also lies at the heart of Modern Hebrew
With effect from September 2012, this programme will be offered as a specialisation within the Classics and Ancient Civilisations programme.
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Restored Name King James Bible on line
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You can find the inspirational articles for this series:
Accuracy, Word-for-Word Translation Preferred by most Bible Readers
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Related articles:
Idol Worship (Jewish Encyclopedia)
All idolatrous cults are condemned by the Biblical insistence on worship of Yhwh only. The Decalogue begins with the command to reverence the one true God and to recognize no other deities. On this theme the Pentateuch dilates from every point of view, and the efforts of the Prophets were chiefly directed against idolatry and against the immorality connected with it. To recognize the true God meant also to act according to His will, and consequently to live a moral life. The thunderings of the Prophets against idolatry show, however, that the cults of other deities were deeply rooted in the heart of the Israelitish people, and they do not appear to have been thoroughly suppressed until after the return from the Babylonian exile. There is, therefore, no doubt that Jewish monotheism was preceded by a period of idolatry; the only problem is that which concerns the nature of the cults (comp. the articles Adrammelech; Anammelech; Asherah; Ass-Worship; Astarte Worship Among the Hebrews; Atargatis; ba-al-and-ba-al-worship” href=”http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2236-ba-al-and-ba-al-worship” target=”_blank”>Ba’al and Ba’al-Worship; Baal-peor; Baal-zebub; Baal-zephon; Bamah; Calf, Golden; Calf-Worship; Chemosh; Dagon; High Place; Moloch; Star-Worship; Stone and Stone-Worship; Tammuz; Teraphim; and Witchcraft).
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Classical Hebrew is the ancient Semitic language of the Hebrews in which the Torah was written. A modern form is used in synagogues, but Jewish prayer and study usually involves classical Hebrew. Both old and new forms of this ancient language are used by the Samaritans. - ^UR Targum Job from Qumran – 4QtgJob Tar (rosary2007.wordpress.com)
Targum Job from Qumran is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew book of job found in the Dead Sea Scrolls. - The Language Of The Bible (vidblogdotcom.wordpress.com)
Another way looking at a language #5 Aramic, Hebrew and Greek
Another way looking at a language
Ancient Hebrew inscriptions - Jewish Encyclopedia
13. Aramaic
Aramaic is to believed to be originated in what is modern-day Syria. Between 1000 and 600 BCE it became extremely widespread, spoken from the Mediterranean coast to the borders of India. Its script, derived from Phoenician and first attested during the 9th century BCE, also became extremely popular and was adopted by many people, both with or without any previous writing system. Despite Hellenistic influences, especially in the cities, that followed the conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Aramaic remained the vernacular of the conquered peoples in the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia and the adjacent countries. It ceded only to Arabic in the ninth century A.D., two full centuries after the Islamic conquests of Damascus in 633, and Jerusalem in 635. Aramaic has never been totally supplanted by Arabic. Aramaic had been adopted by the deported Israelites of Transjordan, exiled from Bashan and Gilead in 732 B.C. by Tiglath-Pileser III, the tribes of the Northern Kingdom by Sargon II who took Samaria in 721, and the two tribes of the Southern Kingdom of Judah who were taken into captivity to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar in 587. Hence, the Jews who returned from the Babylonian Captivity brought Aramaic back with them to the Holy Land, and this continued to be their native tongue throughout the lifetime of Eshoo Mshikha.
Aramaic was destined to become Israel’s vernacular tongue; but before this could come about it was necessary that the national independence should be destroyed and the people removed from their own home. These events prepared the way for that great change by which the Jewish nation parted with its national tongue and replaced it, in some districts entirely by Aramaic, in others by the adoption of Aramaized-Hebrew forms.
The oldest literary monument of the Aramaization of Israel would be the Tarcum, the Aramaic version of the Scriptures, were it not that this received its final revision in a somewhat later age. The Targum, as an institution, reaches back to the earliest centuries of the Second Temple. Ezra may not have been, as tradition alleges, the inaugurator of the Targum; but it could not have been much after his day that the necessity made itself felt for the supplementing of the public reading of the Hebrew text of Scripture in the synagogue by a translation of it into the Aramaic vernacular. The tannaitic Halakah speaks of the Targum as an institution closely connected with the public Bible-reading, and one of long-established standing. But, just as the translation of the Scripture lesson for the benefit of the assembled people in the synagogue had to be in Aramaic, so all addresses and homilies hinging upon the Scripture had to be in the same language. Thus Jesus and his nearest disciples spoke Aramaic and taught in it (see Dalman, “Die Worte Jesu”). (Jewish Encyclopedia)
When the Dead Sea Scrolls were found in those remains of the library of a Jewish sect from around the turn of the Era, many compositions in Aramaic also provided the best evidence for Palestinian Aramaic of the sort used by Jesus and his disciples. They preached the Gospel and the scribes recorded the Scriptures. The New Testamenthas been preserved in this sacred, scribal language since the Apostolic Age. The whole Bible was originated in this language and therefore it is best to look also at these sources because they lay at the base.
MS in Hebrew and Aramaic on vellum, Iraq, first half of 11th c., 8 ff., 39x33 cm, 2 columns, (25x25 cm), 23 lines in a large Hebrew square book script, by a scribe perhaps originating from the Maghreb (North Africa probably Tunisia). - Image via Wikipedia
Vast compilations in Aramaic (in Western and Eastern Aramaic dialects) could be found in synagogues and where used in the Judaic academies by the rabbis. Jewish law was transmitted, commented, and debated in the Jewish academies by the rabbis and their disciples. The records of their deliberations constitute the two Talmuds: that of the land of Israel and the much larger Babylonian Talmud.
The Old Aramaic Jesus used is considered dead because it ceased to be used as a literary language in the 13th Century. The old form exists only as a liturgical language but there are still people who speak more modern forms of it. The Peshitta Text of the Holy Scriptures is in the dialect of northwest Mesopotamia as it evolved and was highly perfected in Orhai, once a city-kingdom, later called Edessa by the Greeks, and now called Urfa in Turkey. The large colony of Orhai Jews, and the Jewish colonies in Assyria in the kingdom of Adiabene whose royal house had converted to Judaism, possessed most of the Bible in this dialect, the Peshitta Tenakh.
Modern Aramaic, in its various dialects, is spoken in modern-day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, and the various Western countries to which the native speakers have emigrated, including Russia, Europe, Australia and the United States.
14. Greek
Greek was only spoken by a few in and around Jerusalem at the time of Jesus so it was more important to get the Words from God and the teachings from Christ Jesus been spread in a language most people understood in the by necessity a multi-lingual land. Names of persons, clearly of Aramaic origin, composed of the word bar which means son were transcribed into the later Greek writings giving names as Bariona, Barabba. In both Syriac and Hebrew the spellings between Abiud and Abiur are so close that during translation into Greek the second name could have been dropped mistakenly.
In addition to the forms of the words borrowed from the Greek, it is also important to determine their meanings; for some of these borrowed terms acquired in the mouth of the Jews a deeper religious and moral sense; e.g., γεωμετρία, a certain norm for the interpretation of Scripture (but compare GemaṬria); βῆλον, Latin velum, “heaven”; σχολαστικός, “teacher of the Law”; στρατμγός, “soldier” in general; σύβολον, “covenant” and “wedding present”; τόμος, “book of the Law.” The Jewish usage is sometimes supported by the Septuagint and by the New Testament; e.g., κατήγωρ, “Satan”; πάνδοκος, “whore”; βλασφημία, “blasphemy.” These semasiological differences justify one in speaking of a rabbinic Greek. (Jewish Encyclopedia)
Some treat “split words” as a distinctive subsection of mistranslations. Sometimes it appears that a word in Aramaic with two (or more) distinct and different meanings appears to have been interpreted in the wrong sense, or even translated both ways in different documents.
A sheolstone in Aramaic. Basalt funeral stele bearing an Aramaic inscription, ca. 7th century BC. Found in Neirab or Tell Afis (Syria).
Other words of interest in Greek translations from Aramaic origin are: Effeta or Effata (to open), Talita Qum (Arise little child), Abba (אבא), (Papa/Father). Also the Aramaic last words of Jesus dying at the stake “Eloi Eloi lema sabactani” were in fact the beginning of Psalm 22, spoken by Jesus in Aramaic, and faithfully written down by the Evangelists in Greek. It is possible that the Evangelists wished to preserve and hand down through their writings some words certainly spoken by Jesus, words which the Early Christians (since they spoke Aramaic) faithfully remembered.
We should be alert when somebody or something is jumping the shark and be on the lookout for those who like to make from the Bible a television show or an entertainment form. 63 percent, from the questioned people for the survey, believe the language should be simple for anyone to understand while 14 percent say the language should be meant more for people who have a lot of experience with the Bible. 40 percent prefer more formal language while 26 percent say should be more informal. 22 percent want language more for casual reading while 44 percent say it should be designed more for in-depth study.
Having a new translation is always some tricky thing because than words have to be chosen to be understood according what they mean. Therefore translators try to find the most accurate form though sometimes there does not exist a singular word for the term. the translators are also confronted with more than one neologism ( /niːˈɒlədʒɪzəm/; from the Greek νέο-, néo-, “new”, and λόγος, lógos, “speech”, “utterance”) and should be wondering either to use that new word or newly coined term, or phrase, that may sometimes still be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. For such up-to-date hype translations like the Bikers Bible, Hikers Bible or Prisoners bible we always do have to be very careful, and we even would advice not to use them.
As translators try to cross the globe and two millennia, fully accomplishing word-for-word translations that are easy to understand, is not always possible. It is also a pity that within the years several words were taken into one word so that slight differences disappeared. From many bible translations it is not clear any more if there is spoken of an ordinary pupil or a special (chosen) pupil, a direct pupil of Jesus, a pupil (disciple) Jesus and of other pupils, a send messenger or an ordinary apostle (MalakiYA (Messenger of YA, sn- Apostle), a set apart (kadosh), a sent one (Shlichim) or one of the seventies. For this it is very interesting to go back to the Hebrew and Aramaic because there we can find the different words which in itself give a clear indication about whom it is.
15. Adonai, Lord
The meaning of an entire verse can easily be altered by a translation, for example; the Greek “Kurios” also at times spelled kyrios or kuros, Greek κύριος is often rendered as the Latin Dominus or “Lord“, however there is both “LORD” (the Father) and “Lord” (the Son), which the translator must choose and Kurios. The Kurios would be either the father, or if he was dead, brothers an uncle or relative would be the Kurios. However the God the Father (Yahuwhah – YHWH – Jehovah) often substituted with Adonai (my Lord) and the Son of God (Yahushua/ Yehsua – Jeshua) are clearly distinguished in Aramaic, there is no confusion about the speaker or who is being addressed. The Kurios or Curios was he to whom a person or thing belongs, about which he has power of deciding. As a title of honour expressive of respect and reverence it was also given to people who were above somebody else, or the title used by servants to greet their master.
You should have a look in the preface of your “church bibles” and see if they even admit to substituting the Hebrew (from right to left) “hwhy” or “YHWH” (from left to right) YAHUWAH‘s Name with “the LORD” or “God”. Now read what happens to those who so arrogantly change His Word in Revelation 22:18-19. “I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: If anyone adds anything to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book. And if anyone takes words away from this book of prophecy, God will take away from him his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.” (Revelation 22:18-19 NIV) We being part of every man that can hear the words of the prophecy of the book of John his revelations and of all the other Books brought together in what we call the Book of books, the Bible. We should take the warning for, adding to these things or for taking away from the words of the book of this prophecy serious. We would not want to see God adding to him the plagues that are written in this book, or having God taken away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book.
“AHleleuYAH” means “Praise be to YAH.” See how “Israel” could never be “El YAH’s chosen people” because the blaspheme His Sacred Eternal Name daily by hiding it!
"I am YHWH (YAHUWAH) your Almighty Loving El YA..Have no foreign gods before your face!" Shemoth / Ex 20:2-3
Even if your pastor does not fear taking away Gods Name or fears speaking out the Most Holy Name, you yourself may not be afraid to use Gods Name regularly. When you got to know the Name of the Most High you should use him. Be careful not intentionally to ‘forget’ him or not using the Name. Don’t lose your eternal life over intentionally doing of this great sin of blasphemy and destruction! So either use Jehovah or Yahweh/Jahwe or both, but use the Name people can take as the Name of the Only One God. In case we are not sure about the pronunciation of Yahuwah or Jehovah (the three syllables) it is always better to use the two syllable name, which may come from the expression that Jehovah may have everything “Ya Have”, using a shortened version of YHWH’s full Name, like Yah in HalleuYah e.g.. So if you do not like to use the full Name perhaps you still can like to use one of the shortened ones “YaHave” (Yahweh”) or “Yah” instead none. Some Richards also like to be called Bill, or Rogers do not mind to be called Bob. We can only do hope God would not mind calling Him such or so, because we are not sure how it is pronounced or because in our mother tongue or native language we use such or such sounds. so much of our way of saying a name or pronouncing a name shall depend on the region and custom. But we do have to be careful not holding strong to an institution or usage because of tradition. As soon as we know better we should adapt to the new found truth or new insight. All our life we shall have to learn and sometimes we do have to change practice. Though people are often in a rut, believers should try not to get set in one’s way but to be open for adaption to the teachings from the Word of God, the Bible, and should overcome habits and compete for the Truth. We should strive not to thingummy or keep to a “whatchacallit”. For the One who Created everything is not a “what’s-his-name”. He has given His Name for His People to use it, therefore we should use it and prefer to put the title of the heathen name “Lord” (Baal) aside.
YHWH
-YAHUWAH (the 7 English letters are also representative of eternal meanings). We may not “vanatize” YAHUWAH’Holy Name with the blasphemous “cover over” of the word “LORD”, “God”, “Lord God!”
16. God His son
So also for the son of God we should try to use his proper name. We should go back returning to “believing upon His Name” (John-YAHUWcanon 1:12), that is YAHUW-husha, which means “YAHUW, He who will save”! and not referring to Zeus by using “Hail Zeus” or Iesou, in English Jesus or in Dutch Jesus and/or Jezus. Mashiyach or in Hebrew Mashiach and in Greek Christos is rendered in the King James as “Anointed” in Psalms 2:2, and as “Messias” in Daniel 9:25-26. It is the Sacred Name for the Son of YHVH or YHWH. Messiah or Mashiyach and Chaciyd which is used in Psalms 16:10 or only titles and not names for the Son of God. The word Christos was far more acceptable to the pagans who were worshiping Chreston and Chrestos. According to The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, the word Christos was easily confused with the common Greek proper name Chrestos, meaning “good.” According to a French theological dictionary, it is absolutely beyond doubt that Christus and Chrestus, and Christiani and Chrestiani were used indifferently by the profane and Christian authors of the first two centuries A.D. The word Christianos is a Latinism, being contributed neither by the Jews nor by the Christians themselves. The word was introduced from one of three origins: the Roman police, the Roman populace, or an unspecified pagan origin. Its infrequent use in the New Testament suggests a pagan origin.
According to Realencyclopaedie, the inscription Chrestos is to be seen on a Mithras relief in the Vatican. According to Christianity and Mythology, Osiris, the sun-deity of Egypt, was reverenced as Chrestos. In the Synagogue of the Marcionites on Mount Hermon, built in the third century A.D., the Messiah’s title is spelled Chrestos. According to Tertullian and Lactantius, the common people usually called Christ Chrestos.
17. Lord
In older versions of the King James Version of the Old Testament we still can find the name Jehovah, but in later versions more and more the Name became exchanged with three different Hebrew words as lord; however, it does so with a careful use of upper case letters to let the reader know which word is in the original texts. When the King James Version translates the Hebrew word for Jehovah as lord, it uses LORD in all capitals. When the King James Version translates the a special Hebrew word for supreme lord, adownai, as lord, it uses Lord with only the “L” in the upper case. Lastly, when the King James Versions translation of the general Hebrew word for lord, adown, as lord, it does so without any use a capital letter at all. A few years ago several translations just placed “lord” so that nobody could get the difference. Aware of the fault of letting the Name of God out of the Bible a few years ago we got the Restored Name King James Bible; Proper Name Version of the King James Bible and Sacred Name King James Version where again we could find the Name of God on most places.
When the decision was made to undertake the task of editing the King James Version, the fact that it was not a unique work was taken into account. The main sources that were used for editing the most recent version were: The Holy Name Bible, by the Scripture Research Association; The Scriptures, by the Institute for Scripture Research; The ExeGesis, by Herb Jahn; and the New Englishman’s Hebrew Concordance, by George V. Wigram.
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Please do find more:
The only Chair of both Hebrew and Aramaic world-wide is at Leiden University’s Department of Hebrew and Aramaic. Bachelor in Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, Middle Eastern Studies (with Hebrew) or a related study (see http://www.mastersinleiden.nl). + MA in Hebrew and Aramaic Languages and Culture > Hebrew and Aramaic Languages and Cultures
In the Aramaic Languages and Cultures specialisation, you will explore various Aramaic languages and literatures, including Syriac, Targumic Aramaic and Imperial Aramaic. You have the possibility to study various Aramaic languages, both individually and against the background of their 3000-year history.
+ a.o.: The historical grammar of Hebrew and the development of the Tiberian tradition, which also lies at the heart of Modern Hebrew
With effect from September 2012, this programme will be offered as a specialisation within the Classics and Ancient Civilisations programme.
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Previous: Another way looking at a language 4 Ancient times
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Restored Name King James Bible on line
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You can find the inspirational articles:
Accuracy, Word-for-Word Translation Preferred by most Bible Readers
Don’t Quote Me—But I Think Jesus Is Pissed!
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Related articles:
Idol Worship (Jewish Encyclopedia)
All idolatrous cults are condemned by the Biblical insistence on worship of Yhwh only. The Decalogue begins with the command to reverence the one true God and to recognize no other deities. On this theme the Pentateuch dilates from every point of view, and the efforts of the Prophets were chiefly directed against idolatry and against the immorality connected with it. To recognize the true God meant also to act according to His will, and consequently to live a moral life. The thunderings of the Prophets against idolatry show, however, that the cults of other deities were deeply rooted in the heart of the Israelitish people, and they do not appear to have been thoroughly suppressed until after the return from the Babylonian exile. There is, therefore, no doubt that Jewish monotheism was preceded by a period of idolatry; the only problem is that which concerns the nature of the cults (comp. the articles Adrammelech; Anammelech; Asherah; Ass-Worship; Astarte Worship Among the Hebrews; Atargatis; ba-al-and-ba-al-worship” href=”http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2236-ba-al-and-ba-al-worship” target=”_blank”>Ba’al and Ba’al-Worship; Baal-peor; Baal-zebub; Baal-zephon; Bamah; Calf, Golden; Calf-Worship; Chemosh; Dagon; High Place; Moloch; Star-Worship; Stone and Stone-Worship; Tammuz; Teraphim; and Witchcraft).
Another way looking at a language #4 Ancient times
Another way looking at a language
11. Misreading in early times
Already in early centuries of our current time we got some misreadings in the most ancient Greek manuscripts (Second and Third Centuries of the Common Era) could only have happened by misunderstanding a Peshitta-exclusive reading.
How careful translators and readers of translations have to be can be seen in, for illustration purposes, Matthew 26:6-7, where the Greek NT states that Jeshua or Jesus was dining in the house of a man called “Simon the Leper.” In the narrative a servant girl brings Jeshua an alabaster jar of expensive perfume to anoint him. The impossibility of this reading is evident when one understands that in Jeshua’s day, lepers could not own property, or jars of perfume, or have servant girls, let alone entertain Jewish guests in the near vicinity of Jerusalem (Leviticus 13:45-50).
Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions by king Ashoka at Kandahar (Shar-i-kuna). (3rd century BCE). Preserved at Kabul Museum. Today disappeared. Two-dimensional inscription. - Image via Wikipedia
In response to the facts, some Greek NT advocates suggest that Simon “used to be a leper” and maybe he was celebrating his healing from Jeshua in much the same way that the above mentioned Elazar/ Eliezar or did in John’s or Yochanan’s Gospel. However, there are at least three huge problems with this kind of posturing. First and foremost, Matthew doesn’t record this and John does, so is it fair to overthrow one Gospel writer by another, as if one was somehow less careful in his information? In fact, when theologians venture outside the plain reading of the text (using a completely separate scenario disconnected from internal evidence), it can’t be considered as an honest, scholarly contribution.
The second problem (and a very acute one) is that Torah (Hebrew, 
; Aramaic, 
; Greek, Νόμος) clearly instructs that lepers must not be referred to as lepers after they are healed (Leviticus 13:1-44). Third and finally, if Simon let people refer to him as “the Leper” (against Torah) it would also greatly inhibit his ability to do business in Israel and he would be well within his legal rights to sue for damages.
Thankfully, Aramaic provides the obvious solution within the text itself. Since Hebrew and Aramaic have no vowels, two words spelled the same, but pronounced differently can have two totally different meanings. In this case, the word in question is spelled gimel-resh-beyt-aleph (GRBA). Pronounced as “gar-bah” the word is “leper” whereas with “gar-ah-bah” (same letters) means jar maker”! Furthermore, since these two words are also pronounced differently, the mistake would most likely happen when copying from an ancient written document that does not offer modern vowel pointing.
12. Ancient codices and modern translation
There are hundreds of examples that attest to Peshitta (The oldest Syriac translation of both the Old and New Testaments) pre-dating the Greek texts, putting it within solid striking distance of the very original writings of the Shlichim. It is this level of accuracy, as expressed both in ancient codices and the most up-to-date modem scholarship being represented in the translations we are going to use this coming year.
A schematic drawing of the Judeo-Aramaic inscription on a gold plaque found in Mtskheta, Georgia in 1992. It is apparently an amulet, mentioning its owner Abraham, son of Sarah. Date from 4th century until 6th century
The other translation shall be based on the Hebrew and Aramaic Scriptures and is also based on the same basic effort as the version we are going to use the year after this one. So we shall be able to compare the evolution of two different Bible Translations based on the work of the South African Chris Koster, namely this academic year “The Scriptures” (“De Geschriften”) and afterwards “The HalleluYah Scriptures”.
We choose those Bible Translations especially because they go back to the language of the man who we want to follow as our example. Jeshua, to most Christians known as Jesus spoke Galilean dialect of the Ancient Aramaic language at home and with friends. His mother-tongue belongs to the Semitic languages of the Northern Central or North-western group or to the Afro-asiatic language phylum. It was the international trade language of the ancient Middle East and therefore also understood by many who originally spoke another tongue. Speaking Aramaic Jesus easily could be understood by those who spoke another dialect or other language. It is particularly closely related to Hebrew, and was written in a variety of alphabetic scripts. (What is usually called “Hebrew” script is actually an Aramaic script.) Aramaic displaced Hebrew for many purposes among the Jews, a fact reflected in the Bible, where portions of Ezra and Daniel are in Aramaic. Some of the best known stories in biblical literature, including that of Belshazzar’s feast with the famous “handwriting on the wall” are in Aramaic. It remained a dominant language for Jewish worship, scholarship, and everyday life for centuries in both the land of Israel and in the Diaspora, especially in Babylon.
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Previous: Another way looking at a language #3 Abraham
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Related:
- Why believing the Bible
- Hebrew, Aramaic and Bibletranslation
- Spelling Yahshuah (יהשע) vs Hebrew using Yehoshuah (יהושע)
- Some Restored Name Versions
- HalleluYah Scriptures
- HalleluYah Scriptures Corrections
- Lord or Yahuwah, Yeshua or Yahushua
In Dutch:
Related articles
- Evidence from History and the Gospels that Jesus Spoke Greek (A)- “Ελήλυθεν η ώρα ίνα δοξασθή ο υιός του ανθρώπου” (spacezilotes.wordpress.com)
The evidence is as yet inconclusive as to what language Jesus would have normally spoken to the Jewish crowds or to his disciples. However, for nearly the last century, “it has become practically a generally accepted tradition that the mother tongue of Jesus, the language he knew best and therefore usually spoke, was Aramaic.”1 This is mainly due to the conclusions of Dalman,2 “who stated that, though Jesus may have known Hebrew, and probably spoke Greek, he certainly taught in Aramaic.”3 Some New Testament scholars have even gone as far as to say that “Jesus only spoke in Aramaic.”4 - Could Computer Analysis Help Date the Gospels? (blogs.forbes.com)
Back in 1998 Maurice Casey, a New Testament scholar at University of Nottingham, wrote a book called Aramaic Sources of Mark’s Gospel. Casey had studied the Dead Sea Scrolls extensively, and drew upon them to make the case that most of Mark was written originally in Aramaic.How? Weren’t the Gospels, as we have them, written in Greek by Greek Christians many decades after the events they purported to describe?
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Throughout the first century of critical scholarship, the use of Aramaic was beset with such severe problems that most scholars might well feel that it was a specialized area of dubious value….The use of Aramaic of different times and places, the use of only one word at a time, the elevation of supposed puns to the level of a major tool when they could not be properly verified, all this was enough to keep Aramaic as a specialized area.
Another way looking at a language #3 Abraham
Another way looking at a language
8. Proverbs and verbatim
As today in Dutch (
Nederlands), and probably also in other languages as in English, we can find a lot of words which got a totally different or new extra meaning, so it happened in the early centuries of our Contemporary Timetable as well. Though many expressions we find in our day to day speech came originally from the Biblical times and can be found in the Bible books.
“Hij staat goed aangeschreven” or “to be in a person’s good books” can for example been tracked to Exodus 32:32 and “Zie niet aan, wat voor ogen is” to 1 Samuel 16:7 “for man looketh on the outward appearance, but Jehovah looketh on the heart.” or “zonder aanziens” “without fear or favour” from Romans 2:11, Deuteronomy 10:17 and Matthew 22:16: “For there is no acceptance of faces with God,” (Romans 2:11 YLT); “For Jehovah your God, he is God of gods, and Lord of lords, the great God, the mighty, and the terrible, who regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward.” (Deuteronomy 10:17 ASV); “… for thou regardest not the person of men.” (Matthew 22:16 ASV).
North door of iconostasis. Icon of Paradise: Abraham's Bosom with the Good Thief entering to the left
Also when we say “Hij of zij heeft Abraham gezien” or “he or she has seen Abraham” we do not mean that that person has actually met Abraham, seen or spoken to him, but we only indicate that that person has past half a century. The person is more than 50 years old but not thousands of years old.
9. Carried away into Abraham’s bosom
The Story of Lazarus and Dives. Lazarus and the rich man are shown during life in the top register, in the middle is Lazarus in the Bosom of Abraham, and at the bottom Dives is suffering in Hades. + The word in the Greek text for "bosom" is kolpos, meaning "lap" "bay" relating to the Second Temple period practice of reclining and eating meals in proximity to other guests, the closest of whom physically was said to lie on the bosom (chest) of the host. (See John 13:23 ) - Illuminated manuscript, Codex Aureus of Echternach, c. 1035-1040. (Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nürnberg.)
In Dutch it is clear as in Yiddish and Hebrew that the person of the Aramaic or Greek writing in Luke 16:22-23 that the beggar El‘azar or Lazarus was not literally carried by angel-persons or ghosts: “And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and that he was carried away by the angels into (אברהם) Abraham’s bosom: and the rich man also died, and was buried. And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.” (Luke 16:22-23 ASV) In the East it was common to lie down at the meal, at the table on “rustbanken” or couches or settees. Often the head of one person rested against the bosom or breast of the other. After a nice meal it was not uncommon as it is still done in several ‘hot’ countries to take a little nap after dinner. The beggar did not get “Lazarus” (from “Lazarus worden” = “becoming drunk”, had drank too much alcohol) but was carried away in his death to come into Abraham his arms, meaning in the safety of our forefather.
“The rich man and Lazarus” passage is cited as a literal description of actual events (and not as a parable) Stress is often placed upon words “there was a certain rich man” to emphasize the historical character of the language used. But in Luke 16:1 the parable of the unjust steward commences with the same language. Must this parable be read literally? (Similar language is used in other parables—sees Luke 12:16) Jesus did not definitely call it a parable.
Religious bodies like the Church of Christ hold the view that disbelievers go to hell (left hand side of the divided state of Hades or Sheol (
)) whereas idol worshippers go straight to the lake of fire. It should be pointed out that this view puts Abraham in the lake of fire and not in Hades since it is recorded that Abraham “was gathered unto his people” (Genesis 25:8) and his people were idol worshippers. (Joshua 24:2) Lazarus is the only character personally named in the parables of Jesus, implying that Lazarus must have been known to the audience. This parable of Jesus might have been uttered after he received news of the death of his friend, Lazarus. The parable was given at Pereae, east of the Jordan at Bethabara (where news of Lazarus’ death came to him, John 11:6 cf. John 10:40; 1:28). It was an easy day’s journey from Bethabara to Bethany. Lazarus was typical of all Jews of this day. They were deprived of even the most meagre crumbs of the bread of life from the rich man’s table. (i.e., High Priestly class, but Caiaphas in particular). However much Lazarus might patiently await the rich man’s (Caiaphas) condescension, the High Priest was incapable of dispensing even spiritual crumbs.” {The Lazarus class was like the Gentile dogs who hoped for crumbs from their Master’s table. (Matthew 15:27).}
The passage speaks about bodies not souls. e.g., eyes, bosom (vs.23) tip of finger and tongue (vs. 24). Souls are said to be immaterial (the material body being left in the grave), how then could Lazarus (if really a soul) be carried by angels? (vs.22). How could Lazarus go literally to Abraham’s bosom? Abraham (as now) was unquestionably dead and without his reward. (Hebrews 11:8, 13, 39, 40).
Lazarus dies and in the parable, the premature death of Caiaphas is made to follow. In Hades they meet but in situations reversed. Caiaphas requests Abraham (with whom he claimed privilege by virtue of ancestry, (Matthew 3:9)) to warn his five brothers. The five brothers are the five brothers-in-law of Caiaphas, the Sadduceean High Priest. Caiaphas was son-in-law of Annas who had been deposed by the Romans for openly resisting them. The request is refused on the grounds that they had not heard Moses and the Prophets (e.g. in their attitude to adultery and resurrection, Luke 16:18; 20:27–38) nor would they respond if one rose from the dead. The resurrection of Lazarus further incensed the Pharisees, chief priests and Caiaphas who feared their loss of power. (John. 11:47–57).
The parable condemns Caiaphas the chief Shepherd of Israel for his selfish irresponsibility in neglecting the spiritual and material needs of Jews in Israel. Lazarus represents this neglected class. The parable is a further indictment of the Sadducees (who denied the resurrection of the body and were about to reject the miraculous resurrection of Lazarus) in their disbelief of Moses and the prophets. The parable is presented in terms of the popular belief of the Pharisees about the death state.
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Codex Aureus Epternacensis (Goldenes Evangeliar), Prunkhandschrift, Szene: Gleichnis vom reichen Prasser und vom armen Lazarus, Folio 78 recto, detail
10. Point of view
Print by Gustave Doré illustrating the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, from the Gospel of Luke (1891)
The same it is for having a Satan around, meaning a ‘devil‘, not indicating a monstrous figure from a place called hell, but a bad person or an opponent, adversary, enemy and sometimes also an avenger. Lots of Christians would say about one or another person that he or she is a Satan, but do still want to believe that there is a real Satan lurking around the corner, who could capture that person away and bring them to places to burn for eternally, while they sometimes really say to someone else ‘go to hell” and ” burn forever”. (Would you really think they mean that really that person has to be smoked and can be put in a non ending fire?)
Therefore it is important that we try to find out where “Abraham got the mustard” (from) “waar Abraham de mosterd heeft vandaan gehaald” which has no similar equivalent in English where they would say: “to know how many beans go to the dozen” or “…. make five”.
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Previous: Another way looking at a language #2 Meanings
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Related articles
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“Needer-lands” The life of a Canadian au pair in Aerdenhout Netherlands > “The closest English word you have is “cosy” but that only covers part of it.”
Instilled with a superiority complex, I was of the mindset that anything said in another language could be translated, with its full value intact, to English; being one of the “largest and more complex” languages of the world, how could it not accurately convey the meaning of the rather “primitive counterparts”? However, upon coming to the Netherlands, my outlook as changed substantially. Not only is the word’s largest dictionary the “Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal” (Dictionary of the Dutch Language), there are words in the Dutch language that [as far as I know] English lacks – descriptions of a complex situational/emotional/societal state by a sole descriptor. You could argue that these words can be effectively translated, however in my attempts I’ve found that nearly all the depth is lost in translation – the English words sound banal in comparison.
+Gezellig:Google Translate tells you this means cosy – it can. I’m going to quote Wikipedia for this one, they’ve worded it so well!“A perfect example of untranslatability is seen in the Dutch language through the word gezellig, which does not have an English equivalent. Literally, it means cozy, quaint, or nice, but can also connote time spent with loved ones, seeing a friend after a long absence, or general togetherness.”
Another way looking at a language #2 Meanings
Another way looking at a language
4. Changing meaning
In Dutch we could find that when we would take a translation of the 1970ies the same word would have just the opposite meaning in the 2010′s. It can happen that at a certain time one word can have the opposite meaning depending whom it is using. For example the Dutch word “gijzelaar” today. A word ending on ‘aar’ means the person is doing something. An “Ijveraar” is somebody who is “Ijverend”, has or takes (a lot of) “ijver” zeal, ardour, diligence, so he or she is a “zealot”. A “leraar” is somebody who gives “lering” or “teaching” so he or she is a “teacher”, though for the female teacher the word “lerares” may also be used. (But notice the female form of aar = ares). The same for a “Kunstenaar” the artist is somebody who makes art (“Kunst”).
Therefore a ‘gijzelaar’ is and should be someone taking somebody hostage or taking him as a prisoner. Today by less educated people and on the commercial television stations this word has become the ‘gijzelnemer’ or the hostage taker, the kidnapper or hijacker. The one taken hostage ‘de gegijzelde’ or the hostage has in the language today become the ‘gijzelaar’ for many people while others and certainly those keen on language cleanliness it still stays the same as in previous time and they shall refuse the new word “gijzelnemer” which you could not find in the dictionaries 1985 but got translated as hostage taker in the Big Standard Van Dale Dictionary: Van Dale Groot Woordenboek Nederlands Engels of 2008.
In just a few years transition period, one word got just the opposite meaning. So when we would read the newspapers of the seventies about the Mollukan train hijackers and read them with the language thought of (some) today we would just come to the opposite conclusion. This to show how important it is that we always should look how it was when the words were penned down and what was understood at that time. The Bible Times with several thousands of years time span, are much further away than our few decennia.
5. Calling names
Several people also do not seem to know that in certain countries it is the habit to use nicknames, so often they do not say the real name of a person but give a description of his character or use a title or different name than the real name. In other countries they use pre or a word behind the name to indicate a relation: like the son of Johan, becoming Johanson or in the Slavic countries Johansson(n)/Johanssohn or Johansson.
‘Colorado Bob,’ can than denote the Australian Ka’ryn (Kæ’rën) Pale her American husband from Denver, who could be Bill for Richard for the same matter, but is really Hubby. Because no one could ever remember his actual name, ‘Bob’ became his new first name, and thus ‘Colorado Bob’ was born. He’s now gotten so used to it, when doing business he, Hubby, will often say, “tell ‘em Colorado Bob came by”.
In Australia anyone with red hair is nicknamed “Blue” (because that makes so much sense according the blog writer Karyn Pale), or if they aren’t liked they often use the term “ranga.”
Just find some differences between up North and down Under: Afternoon is arvo, McDonalds is Maccas. Slippery dip is used instead of slide, power point instead of outlet, rego instead of registration, Acca Dacca is AC/DC (the band), anklebiter refers to a child, and finally the ever-whimsical fairy floss instead of cotton candy.
You know in England the theatre also as the operation room from the States or the KO. (?) English like to remain lying on the bench, while the French and older Belgians do that on the sofa while the Australians are than faced with the kitchen counter and the younger Flemish are sleeping on the ‘bank’ which is for the older generation the ‘bank’ were you bring your savings to and not a settee or seat (which they would call ‘zetel’ or ‘armstoel’).
When the above Australian says “The keys/purse/water bottle etc. are on the bench.” she can find her husband outside in the garden searching on and around the bench for the offending missing item, when it is sitting nicely on their counter top.
6. Ways of saying
When the Australian baby sitter said “I’ve been flat chat;” the American thought it was that where she worked. She graciously suppressed her laughter, as she explained to him that the term means ‘busy.’ (Why say a simple word like ‘busy’ when you can jazz it up a little and call it ‘flat chat?’)
Marcus, from Belgium, remembers a few weeks ago when an American got to hear that somebody was mad about his flat and thought he had become crazy because of his flat while the Englishman just loved his flat. (Both had just the opposite of thought in mind: one hating and another loving.)
In such a way you can also find the word serviette instead of napkin, (which for Australians refers instead, to a lady’s sanitary item). This has understandably resulted in Karyn’s husband getting more than a few odd looks, when he asked for one in a restaurant. (She imagines there are a lot less waiters on their breaks, talking about the weird American dude and his penchant for ladies personal items to be supplied with his dinner.)
7. Peculiarities of a language
“Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah,” you can see language can be a very strange thing even for person who think they speak nearly the same language. We always should be aware of ways of saying, phrases, expressions, proverbs and try to understand the manner of speaking and the mind behind what is expressed by the words and not take the word literally.
Taking it literally it would sometimes become very strange: when somebody says: “I’ve got a bone to pick with you. ” ; ‘the angels are pissing” ; ” But I Think Jesus Is Pissed. “; ” I had you on a pedestal” ; ” I have to be authentically me, and I’ve shed everything that doesn’t support that authenticity! ” ; ““You can’t handle the truth!” It would simply blow your mind, ” ; “we have the right to become entrenched where we are,”; ” I’m going to have a killer surfer bod”; ” it was just the way the cookie had to crumble if I was going to be part of the “big snatch.”; ” “My sorry-ass “; “It’s fun to poke at him “for some contemporary sayings. But those were “just a drop in the sea” better than “the drop in the bucket” and someone who “knows London like his pocket”.
So before our visitors “go and boil their face” we do hope the “devil confounds us”, though we know that when we talk of an angel you’ll hear the flutter of her wings. (In Dutch we say literally translated: “When you speak of Satan you see him” or “Speaking of the devil you step on his tale”)
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Previous: Another way looking at a language #1 New Year, Books and Words
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You can find the inspirational articles for this series of articles:
Accuracy, Word-for-Word Translation Preferred by most Bible Readers
Don’t Quote Me—But I Think Jesus Is Pissed!
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Related articles
- Sacred Languages (indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com)
A relation to the sacred is inherent within many indigenous languages. The justification for the renewal of tribal languages is often the belief that language contains meaning that is not well understood or translated into English, or other languages. For many tribal cultural programs, language is a major strategy for renewing culture and identity. There is great wisdom in this viewpoint, but what can it mean? - Should Australian Kids Learn Aboriginal Languages? (indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com)
Many indigenous languages are currently extinct, and plenty of others are well on their way. According to Ethnologue—a Web site associated with the Dallas-based International Linguistics Center—there are 6,909 recorded languages, but only 389 (or barely 6 percent) of them have at least one million speakers. Indeed, Ethnologue.com estimates that 6,520 languages have fewer than a million speakers, 5,625 languages fewer than 100,000 speakers, and 1,787 languages are spoken by fewer than a thousand people. The risk of extinction exists not only for myriad Native languages, but also for indigenous languages in Australia, Africa, Russia, and elsewhere. - How to Hack Language Learning (lifehack.org)
there are tons of nouns and verbs and adjectives. You will eventually need to know many in order to have a decent conversation, but that is a lot of work. Also, you can often figure them out from context. If the other person says something like “I like that XYZ” and is pointing at some object, you can guess that it’s an XYZ. Adverbs are different, and they can change the meaning of a sentence dramatically. - English is a funny language (teamoyeniyi.com)
I think about how hard it must be for those arriving in a new country who do not have a resident local language encyclopaedia to help! - New Ojibwe Language Resource Available (indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com)
When you lose a language, you lose culture. When you lose culture, who knows what you lose. - The Language of Aboriginal Australians (egrejeen.wordpress.com)
cultural changes and innovations could spread even among groups who would not have been able to understand each other. The Language of Aboriginal Australians however helped to distinguish one group of settlers from another since most communities was based on the ability of one speaker to understand the other. - When Are We Best At Learning Language? (nfaa.wordpress.com)
how and when we learn the language(s) we use to communicate with the people in the environment the part of the world we inhabit has during our time on the earth. - Italian Language – Part II (halfyearitalian.wordpress.com)
the truly important thing in any language is the idiom. When I hear them, they send me totally off track, since I’m trying the futile word-for-word method. He treasures them and considers it a wonderful opportunity to really delve into the language. Needless to say – the Italians adore him. - “The closest English word you have is “cosy” but that only covers part of it.” (krclinton.wordpress.com)
Instilled with a superiority complex, I was of the mindset that anything said in another language could be translated, with its full value intact, to English; being one of the “largest and more complex” languages of the world, how could it not accurately convey the meaning of the rather “primitive counterparts”? However, upon coming to the Netherlands, my outlook as changed substantially. Not only is the word’s largest dictionary the “Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal” (Dictionary of the Dutch Language), there are words in the Dutch language that [as far as I know] English lacks – descriptions of a complex situational/emotional/societal state by a sole descriptor. You could argue that these words can be effectively translated, however in my attempts I’ve found that nearly all the depth is lost in translation – the English words sound banal in comparison. - Why dctionary is not complete (wiki.answers.com)
do you know what a “splashdown” is? Words also change their meanings. The word “gay” means something different than it did a 100 years ago.
Another way looking at a language #1 New Year, Books and Words
Another way looking at a language
1. New Academic Year = New books
Every new academic year we go over to use another Bible translation in our ecclesia, to keep the minds going and to give opportunities to hear another voice or see another angle of lightning. It is a way of broadening the horizon.
Ancient Hebrew inscriptions - Jewish Encyclopedia
Serious Bible Students should always try to find out how something is written in a certain language and what is meant by it. They should like, it seems, most American Bible readers prefer, look for word-for-word translations of the original Greek and Hebrew. Paraphrased bibles can be interesting for youngsters or when people start by getting to know the Word of God. The literal or word-for-word translations should by all means gain the first position on the table when no original language is known. That is for most of us a problem that we do not know Hebrew, Aramaic and Ancient Greek. Though to get into depth reading of the Old Scriptures and Holy Scriptures we could use some knowledge of the old languages.
For the Biblical Canon, the Greek word κανών, meaning primarily a straight rod, and derivatively a norm or law, was first applied by the church fathers (not earlier than 360) to the collection of Holy Scriptures, and primarily to those of the so-called Old Testament (Credner, “Zur Gesch. des Canons,” pp. 58-68). But although the older Jewish literature has no such designation for the Biblical books, and it is doubtful whether the word was ever included in the rabbinical vocabulary, it is quite certain that the idea expressed by the designation “canonical writings” (γραΦαὶ κανονικαί), both as including and as excluding certain books, is of Jewish origin. The designation “Apocrypha” affords a parallel instance: the word is Greek; the conception is Jewish (compare the words “Genuzim,” “Genizah”). (Jewish Encyclopedia)
When not enough knowledge of the ancient or semitic languages is available we should use the most accurate literal translation and make use of the Strong’s number indications with a further comparison of stricter and more free translations and value accuracy over readability.
2. Translation Survey
When in a recent survey by Life Way Research study of a total of 2,000 Bible readers the volunteers where asked whether they prefer “word-for-word translations, where the original words are translated as exactly as possible” or “thought-for-thought translations, where the translators attempt to reproduce the intent of the original thought rather than translating the exact words,” 61 percent chose word-for-word. But strangely enough at the same time 63 percent believe it should be simple for anyone to understand while 14 percent say the language should be meant more for people who have a lot of experience with the Bible. But the Bible should be able to reach people who do not read much or do not have any knowledge of Bible reading.
3. Formal language
When we do find 40 percent preferring more formal language while 26 percent say that the language should be more informal we can wonder if it is not possible to let them understand that we have to take the language of the Bible as it was written in that time, taking in consideration that we do have to hear and see the phrases as they were spoken and used at that time. Often bible translators want it to place it in the language form which is popular at the time of the publication of the translation.
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Read Full Post | Make a Comment ( 15 so far )Een Naam voor een God #11 Y of J Kiezen
YaHuWah, Yahweh, Jahwe of Jehovah
5. God en goddelijkheid
5.3. Y tot J
Men zou de Yod, uitgesproken als een J, nog steeds hebben kunne blijven schrijven zoals enkele uitgevers tot in de jaren 50 van vorige eeuw deden. Zo kan men in een Nederlandstalige Bijbel van de Katholieke Kerk in 1954, met imprematur van de Paus van Rome, nog Yehowahvinden.
Ook de Universal Standard Encyclopedia erkend dat de J vorm eigenlijk een variant was van de Y. Oorspronkelijk kwam deze slechts van af de 14de eeuw G.T. voort. Pas in het midden van de 17de eeuw werd er algemener gebruik van gemaakt. Ook voor de boekdrukkunst was het een gemakkelijker letter om in het hout uit te snijden. Daar werden de v en u naar de voorkeur van de snijder verkozen, maar het zelfde uitgesproken op bepaalde plaatsen. Eveneens kreeg met een wisseling of gelijkheid met de dubbele v of vv met de enkele w. Ook werd de J als hoofdletter gebruikt voor de i. De Y en J werden wel het zelfde uitgesproken, met enkele uitzonderingen waar de J zachter werd uitgesproken dan de Y. In de Engelse boeken werd stilaan ook meer frequenter gebruikt in de 17° eeuw. Zo kan men in de Koning James Bijbel van 1611, bijvoorbeeld, de woorden Jezus en rechter onveranderlijk vinden als “Iesus” en “iudge”.[1] + [2] + [3]
In het woordje Halleluja bleef de y langer stand houden, maar won ook meer terrein.[4] Naast de Y geraakte de tussen h en de eind h in vele gevallen ook weg. Zo is de voorkeurspelling van de hedendaagse Spellingsgids voor de Naam van God Jehova.[5]
6. Te verkiezen
Men kan in deze tijd blijven leven van allerlei snufjes, maar toch de wetenschap blijven negeren. Doorheen de geschiedenis is voldoende bewijsmateriaal naar boven gekomen over het een beschermd volk, waarbij mensen niet tegenstaande hun moeilijkheden getrouw bleven aan Hem die zij hadden leren kennen als de Schepper van hemel en aarde.
Wij kunnen blind blijven voor al die gebeurtenissen en doof blijven voor al die voorspellingen en raad die die wijze mensen uit het verleden naar de toekomst hebben mee gegeven.
Voor millennia hebben mensen hun trouw getoond aan die Schepper van hemel en aarde, de “Ik die ben” die ook Zijn Naam heeft kenbaar gemaakt en niet als een onaanspreekbare naamloze persoon wenste door het leven te gaan. Eeuwen hebben mensen vastgehouden aan de juiste wijze om Hem te eren en alle lof toe te brengen. Ook al heeft de wereld er alles aan gedaan om Zijn Woorden te vernietigen en Zijn Naam in de vergeetpot te doen belanden, zijn er steeds trouwe dienstknechten geweest om die Naam aan hun kroost verder kenbaar te maken, maar ook om anderen hun god te laten leren kennen.
Naar het einde der tijden nadert wordt het belangrijker dat die Naam van de Ene Ware God meer en meer gekend geraakt, en zij die beweren Christen te zijn moeten dan ook de leerstellingen en raad van Jezus Christus opvolgen en er zich aan houden aan wat Jezus ook trachtte te doen, namelijk de Naam van God te verspreiden en het Goede Nieuws van het Koninkrijk van God te verkondigen. Jezus zei eenvoudig: „Gaat daarom en maakt discipelen van mensen uit alle natiën, hen dopende in de naam van de Vader en van de Zoon en van de heilige geest, en leert hun” (Matth. 28:19, 20).
God heeft gezegd: „Mijn volk [zal] mijn naam kennen.” Niet alleen zouden zij weten hoe de naam luidt, maar zij zouden deze kennen als een naam die wegens Gods eigen daden verheerlijkt is. Ook zegt de Bijbel: „Een ieder die de naam van Jehovah aanroept, zal worden gered” (Jesaja 52:6; Romeinen 10:13; Joël 2:32). Van hoe groot belang is het daarom dat u zich verbindt met hen die Gods naam verhogen en met respect bejegenen en zich houden aan de leerstellingen van Zijn zoon!
Laat ons daarom kiezen om Gods Naam te gebruiken en kenbaar te maken tot Zijn eer en glorie.
Amen. (Zo zij het)
[1] p. 4823, Vol. 13, Universal Standard Encyclopedia (Funk & Wagnalls), 1955.
[2] “In the Elizabethan alphabet the letters ‘u’ and ‘v’ were the same letter as were and ‘i’ and ‘j’ ” – http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethan-language.htm
[3] The “j” was usually used as the capital form of the letter “i” in the Elizabethan alphabet.
So “Iehouah” (Yehowah) could also be written “Jehovah.” – Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 1995, pp. 30, 31, 100:
[4] “In the word `hallelujah’ the j retains its early consonantal value of i or y.” – p. 571, Vol. 15, The Encyclopedia Americana, 1957.
[5] In onze publicaties verkiezen wij de nog in vele talen gebruikte eind h voor de afsluiting van Gods Naam te gebruiken omdat de uitspraak ook zacht eindigt en nog steeds het meest voorkomt.
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Voorgaand:
- יהוה God over zijn Naam
- Een Naam voor een God #1 Belangrijkheid Persoon
- Een Naam voor een God #2 Optekening en Kenbaarmaking
- Een Naam voor een God #3 Mijnheer de Heer
- Een Naam voor een God #4 Naam voor altijd
- Een Naam voor een God #5 Zaaien van verwarring
- Een Naam voor een God #6 Hoeveel Lettergrepen
- Een Naam voor een God #7 Jahwe(h) niet Hebreeuws
- Een Naam voor een God #8 Vergeten of weigeren
- Een Naam voor een God #9 Vals geloof gevoed door vrees
- Een Naam voor een God #10 God en goddelijkheid
Een Naam voor een God #10 God en goddelijkheid
YaHuWah, Yahweh, Jahwe of Jehovah
5. God en goddelijkheid
5.1.Vernoemd naar een godheid houdt niet in godheid te zijn.
In de oudheid was het zoals nu nog in bepaalde landen de gewoonte is, kinderen te vernoemen naar geliefden. In de kinderen hun naam wordt dan de naam van de ouders verwerkt of aangeduid dat zij de zoon of de dochter van die of die zijn.
Professor Buchanan, emeritus hoogleraar aan het Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington D.C. zegt: „In de oudheid vernoemden ouders hun kinderen vaak naar hun godheden. Dit betekent dat zij de naam van hun kinderen uitspraken op de manier waarop de naam van de godheid werd uitgesproken. Het Tetragrammaton werd in de namen van mensen opgenomen, en zij maakten altijd gebruik van de middelste klinker.” Zo kan men in het Oude Testament verscheidene namen vinden van mensen die in hun naam een deel van Gods Naam verwerkt hebben.
Volgens professor Buchanan heeft men zo bijvoorbeeld de naam van de profeet Elia is ´E·li·jah’ of ´E·li·ja’hoe in het Hebreeuws, welke betekent: „Mijn God is Jahoe of Jahoe-wah”. Op overeenkomstige wijze is de Hebreeuwse naam voor Josafat Jeho·sja·fat’, hetgeen „Jaho heeft geoordeeld” betekent. Jo·na·than’ of Jeho·na·than’betekent „Jaho of Jahowah heeft gegeven”.
Professor Buchanan zegt over de goddelijke naam: „In geen enkel geval wordt de klinker oe of o weggelaten. Het woord werd soms verkort tot ’Ja’, maar nooit tot ’Ja-weh’. . . . Werd het Tetragrammaton als één lettergreep uitgesproken, dan was de uitspraak ’Jah’ of ’Jo’. Werd het als drie lettergrepen uitgesproken, dan moet de uitspraak ’Jahowah’ of ’Jahoewah’ geweest zijn. Zou men de naam ooit tot twee lettergrepen hebben verkort, dan moet de uitspraak ’Jaho’ geluid hebben.” — Biblical Archaeology Review
Deze opmerkingen helpen ons de verklaring te begrijpen die de negentiende-eeuwse hebraïcus Gesenius in zijn Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures heeft gedaan: „Degenen die van mening zijn dat יהוה [Je-ho-wah] de feitelijke uitspraak [van Gods naam] was, missen niet elke grond ter verdediging van hun opvatting. Op deze wijze kunnen de verkorte lettergrepen יהו Je-ho] en ה [Jo], waarmee veel eigennamen beginnen, op een bevredigender wijze worden uitgelegd.”
5.2 Op Godsnaam gelijkend
Zoals Joshua’s naam YHWSHW “Yehoshua” was en verkort werd tot YHWSH “Yehosha,”[1] maar ook wel als roepnaam tot “Yeshua.” Verkort werd, zo kreeg het kind van Jozef en Maria (eigenlijk Myriam) de naam Yahushua ‘Ya brengt redding” of “Jeh is redding” dat terug werd gebracht tot Yashua (Yeshua) of “Jeh-redt” dat inhoudt dat ‘Jehovah Redt’ Toen die naam echter in de Septuagint werd weergegeven als IhsouV “Yay-soos” werd de “Yehoshua” “Iesous” (Heil Zeus) dat “Jesvs.” “Jesus” (Engels en vroeger Nederlands), of “Hay-soos” (Chesu) (Spaans) werd.[2]
[1] Sommige wetenschappers denken wel dat bij een verkort geschreven vorm toch nog de volledige naam werd uitgesproken; dus in het geval van YHWSH werd dit ook als Yehoshua uitgesproken.
Dat gebeurde ook voor de Griekse afkortingen zoals THS: theos (`God’ of `god’ in het Grieks)
[2] Zie ook: “Joshua – … i. THE NAME. – 1. The English form Joshua is an abbreviation of the Heb. 3&;&%* [yehoshua] (only in Dt 3:21, Jg 2:7) or 3;&%* [yehosha] (the usual form, e.g. Ex 17:9, Dt 1:38 etc., 1 Ki 16:34), later abbreviated to 3&;* [yeshua] (of Joshua himself, Neh 8:17) …. The LXX [Septuagint] give[s] it as IhsouV [yaysoos - "Jesus"], and so it occurs in the NT both as Joshua’s own name (Ac 7:45) and that of our Lord (Mt 1:21, 25).” – p. 779, Vol. 2, Hastings’ A Dictionary of the Bible, Hendrickson Publishers, 1988 printing.
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Aansluitend kan u ook lezen:
Een Naam voor een God #9 Vals geloof gevoed door vrees
YaHuWah, Yahweh, Jahwe of Jehovah
4. Tijd
4.1. Geen toekomst in vals geloof
De spelling van de Tetragrammaton en verbonden vormen in de Hebreeuws Masoretische tekst van de Bijbel; klinkerpunten zijn in rood getoond.
4.2.Tijd voor verandering
De tijd is gekomen dat de mens zich niet meer in onwetendheid kan wentelen en zich moet bekeren.
“In voorbije tijden liet Hij alle volken hun gang gaan,” (Handelingen 14:16 WV78)
“Zonder acht te slaan op die tijden van onwetendheid laat God thans aan de mensen de boodschap brengen, dat zij zich allen en overal moeten bekeren.” (Handelingen 17:30 WV78)
“en dat in zijn naam bekering tot vergiffenis van de zonden gepredikt moet worden onder alle volken, te beginnen met Jeruzalem.” (Lukas 24:47 WV78)
Door de verschijning van Gods zoon, de Heiland,de Zaligmaker Christus Jezus die de dood ten onder gebracht heeft, doch leven en onsterfelijkheid aan het licht gebracht, door het evangelie, de verkondiging van het Goede Nieuws.
“Want de genade van God, bron van heil voor alle mensen, is op aarde verschenen.” (Titus 2:11 WV78) “Maar de goedheid en mensenliefde van God onze Heiland is op aarde verschenen,” (Titus 3:4 WV78)
4.3. Kenbaar gemaakt
“is zijn genade nu openbaar geworden door de verschijning van onze Heiland, Christus Jezus, die de dood heeft vernietigd en onvergankelijk leven deed aanlichten door het evangelie.” (2 Timotheüs 1:10 WV78)
Jehovah God van alle mensen wil dat alle mensen gered worden en de waarheid leren kennen. (1 Timotheüs 2:4) Hiervoor kunnen wij bidden, hopen en ons best doen dat dit zal kunnen gebeuren mede door samen te werken aan het verkondigen van dat evangelie en Gods Naam.
“Dit is goed en welgevallig in het oog van God, onze heiland, die wil dat alle mensen gered worden en tot de kennis van de waarheid komen. Want God is een, een is ook de middelaar tussen God en de mensen, de mens Christus Jezus, die zichzelf gegeven heeft als losprijs voor allen: op de vastgestelde tijd legde Hij zijn getuigenis af.” (1 Timotheüs 2:3-6 WV78)
4.4. Passend in Plan
De Geneva Bijbel (1560): Gods naam Iehouah (in oudere Latijnse transscriptievorm), staande voor Jehovah welke de enige Meest Hoog Geplaatste is, Hij alleen de Enige Ware God
Yahushua/Jahushua die als roepnaam Yeshua/Jeshua had mag erkend worden als de Christus en als Messias aan de rechterhand van Zijn Vader op de troon zitten om voor vernieuwing te zorgen.
Doordat Jezus alles heeft voltrokken kan deze zoals zijn Vader de alfa en de omega zijn, het begin en het einde van een wereldstelsel. Wie dorst heeft, zal Jezus te drinken geven, uit de bron met water dat leven geeft, om niet. Hij heeft in het verleden Zijn Vaders Woorden verduidelijkt en heeft God geopenbaard. Het is zijn Vader, waarvan Jezus Zijn Naam hoogachtte en wenste dat wij die ook zouden heiligen zodat Jezus zijn God ook onze God kon zijn en hij nog steeds de zoon van God.
“Toen hoorde ik een machtige stem die riep van de troon: ‘Zie hier Gods woning onder de mensen! Hij zal bij hen wonen. Zij zullen zijn volk zijn, en Hij, God-met-hen, zal hun God zijn. En Hij zal alle tranen van hun ogen afwissen, en de dood zal niet meer zijn; geen rouw, geen geween, geen smart zal er zijn, want al het oude is voorbij.’ En Hij die op de troon is gezeten, sprak: ‘Zie, Ik maak alles nieuw.’ En ik hoorde zeggen: ‘Schrijf deze woorden op, ze zijn onfeilbaar waar.’ Nog zei Hij tot mij: ‘Het is gebeurd! Ik ben de Alfa en de Omega, de oorsprong en het einde. Wie dorst heeft zal Ik te drinken geven uit de bron van het water des levens, om niet. Wie overwint zal dit alles krijgen, en Ik zal zijn God zijn en hij mijn zoon.” (Openbaring 21:3-7 WV78)
“want het Lam in het midden van de troon zal hen weiden en voeren naar de waterbronnen van het leven, en God zal alle tranen van hun ogen afwissen.’” (Openbaring 7:17 WV78)
“Jahwe de Heer vernietigd de dood voor altijd, Hij veegt de tranen van alle gezichten, op heel de aarde wist Hij de smaad van zijn volk uit: Jahwe heeft het gezegd!” (Jesaja 25:8 WV78)
“Hij zal dood voorgoed opslokken en de Meester יהוה zal tranen van alle gezichten wegvegen en zal het verwijt van Zijn mensen van geheel de aarde weghalen. Omdat יהוה heeft gesproken.” (Jesaja 25:8 De Geschriften)
4.5. Weg met schaamte en vrees
“Wees niet bevreesd, want gij behoeft u niet te schamen; voel u niet vernederd, want reden om te blozen hebt gij niet. De beschaming van uw jeugd zult gij vergeten en aan de smaad van uw weduwschap niet langer denken. Want Hij die u gemaakt heeft is uw man, Jahwe van de machten is zijn naam, en uw Verlosser is de Heilige van Israël, die de God van heel de aarde heet.” (Jesaja 54:4-5 WV78)
“Vrees niet, want u zal niet tot schande worden gezet, noch gekwetst,noch vernederd worden. Voor de schande van uw jeugd zult gij vergeten zijn en gij zult het verwijt van uw weduwschap niet meer herinneren. “Voor uw Maker is uw echtgenoot, יהוה van gastheren is Zijn Naam en de Ene Apart Geplaatste van Yisra’ĕl is uw Redder. Hij wordt de Elohim van de gehele aarde genoemd. (Jesaja 54:4-5 De geschriften) “‘Ik ben יהוה, en daar is niemand anders – daar is geen Elohim buiten Mij (geen Elohim behalve Ik). Ik omgord jou alhoewel jij Mij niet kent.” (Jesaja 45:5 De Geschriften)
“Gezegend is God, de Vader van onze Heer Jezus Christus, de Vader vol ontferming en de God van alle vertroosting.” (2 Corinthiërs 1:3 WV78)
“Gezegend mag de Elohim en Vader van onze Meester יהושע Messias zijn, de Vader van medelijden en Elohim van alle troost, (2 Korinthiërs 1:3 De Geschriften)
Dankzij het medelijden van de Vader kunnen wij door het bloedoffer van de zoon troost en verlossing vinden met het besef dat Gods Naam het belangrijke is voor ons.
“”En het zal zijn dat iedereen die de Naam van יהוה aanroept {(Handelingen van de Apostelen 2:21; Romeinen 10:13)}zal verlost zijn. Voor op de Berg Tsiyon en in Yerushalayim zal er een ontsnapping zijn {(Jesaja 4:2-3; Obadia 1:17; Revelatie van Johannes 14:1)} zo als יהוה heeft gezegd en onder de overlevenden die יהוה oproept. (Joel 2:32 De Geschriften)
In die dag zal de Tak van יהוה prachtig zijn en geacht. En het fruit van de aarde zal uitstekend en bevallig zijn voor de ontsnapten {(Joel 2:32, Oba 1:17)} van Yisra’ĕl. (Jesaja 4:2 De Geschriften)
De Naam van God aanroepen
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Vervolg: Een Naam voor een God #10 God en goddelijkheid
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Aangeraden lectuur:
Hashem השם, Hebreeuws voor “de Naam”
Ik ben die ben Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh אהיה אשר אהיה
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- Vrees morgen niet. God is er al (Bijbelonderzoekers)
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- Redding, vertrouwen en actie in Jezus #2 Te Doen (Broeders in Christus)
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- Chapter 5 Jehovah Jireh…How do I access the provision of God…Part 3(donnabarton.wordpress.com)The name of Elohim declares that Jehovah created and loves His creation. He loves mankind and is always working to support creation, to maintain it so it continues.
Een Naam voor een God #8 Vergeten of weigeren
YaHuWah, Yahweh, Jahwe of Jehovah
3. Verwarring
3.4. Vergeten
Professor Eric Rasmussen stelt de vraag: “Waarom raden sommige experts Yahweh aan? Ik denk dat het als een verraderlijke aanval op Jehovah dient, een poging om Hem tot een stammen god te maken in plaats van tot een ware God“. (Eric Rasmusen; Professor Indiana Universiteit Stichting)
De wereld kent genoeg goden en stelt het op prijs als meerdere goden onder één dak kunnen komen. Eeuwen heeft men er ook alle moeite toe gedaan om de ware Naam van God in de vergetelheid te brengen. Zelfs zijn er verscheidene pogingen gedaan om Hem helemaal te onteren of in het belachelijke te stellen. Men zou en moest God vergeten.
Omzetting van het Aramees en Hebreeuwse Tetragammatton in de Latijnse versie van de goddelijke Naam "Jehovah" in de Romaans-Katholieke Kerk genaamd St. Martinskirche Olten, Zwitzerland.
“Dat is het lot, dat Ik u heb toegemeten – godsspraak van Jahwe -, omdat gij Mij hebt vergeten en op afgoden vertrouwt.” (Jeremia 13:25 WV78)
“Dit is het lot, het gedeelte naar u toegemeten door mij, zei Jehovah; omdat gij mij hebt vergeten en vertrouwde op onwaarheid”. (Jeremia 13:25 ASVV)
“”Dit is uw lot, uw toegemeten deel” verklaart יהוה “omdat u Mij bent vergeten en vertrouwt in valsheid (of onwaarheid)” (Jeremia 13:25 De Geschriften).
Sommigen denken dat de Naam van God niet in het Nieuwe Testament zou voorkomen, maar dat klopt niet als men merkt dat Jezus verscheidene malen uit de vroegere Geschriften citeert. Bij het aanhalen van de teksten van de vroegere profeten en verkozenen van God zal Jezus de algemeen gekende en gebruikte teksten zoals opgetekend in het Oude Testament wel gebruikt hebben. Geschiedkundig kunnen wij trouwens oude afschriften van het Nieuwe Testament vinden waar die Naam van God ook opgetekend staat.
“Als een aanhanger van Christus gebruikte Petrus Gods naam, Jehovah. Toen Petrus zijn toespraak opgetekend werd, werd het Tetragrammaton (YHWH / Jehovah) daar gebruikt volgens het gebruik tijdens de eerste eeuw voor de Gewone Tijdrekening. en de eerste eeuw van de Gewone Tijdrekening.” (Paul Kahle; Studia Evangelica, uitgegeven door Kurt Aland, F. L. Cross, Jean Danielou, Harald Riesenfeld en W. C. van Unnik, Berlin, 1959, p. 614)
3.5. Een goede gewoonte
“Abraham, die de vader is van diegenen die geloof hebben, nam genoegen om de naam, Jehova, volgens Genesis 12:8 te verkondigen en begon een fatsoenlijk Bijbelse gewoonte. Verder, volgens de profeet Joel, is het zelfs verplicht deze Naam te verkondigen dat om tijdens de geweldige en ontzagwekkende dag van God gered te worden (Joel 2:32). Volgens Exodus 23:13 is een weigering om de naam van God uit te spreken een weigering om de betreffende God te vereren, zodat het weigeren om de naam van de Ware God uit te spreken een weigering betekent om hem te vereren (Jos 23:7).” (Paradox van de anonieme naam De Goddelijke Naam van God; –Paradox of the anonymous name, The Divine Name of God;Gertoux; Hebreeuwse Geleerde)
“Vandaar trok hij verder naar het gebergte ten oosten van Betel, sloeg zijn tent op tussen Betel in het westen en Ai in het oosten, richtte een altaar op ter ere van Jahwe en riep de naam van Jahwe aan.” (Genesis 12:8 WV78)
“(3:5) Zo zal het gaan: al wie de naam van Jahwe aanroept, hij wordt gered, want op de berg Sion en in Jeruzalem daar zal de redding zijn, zoals Jahwe heeft gezegd. En degenen die door Jahwe worden geroepen, zij zijn het die ontkomen.” (Joël 2:32 WV78)
“Hoed u voor alles waarvoor Ik u gewaarschuwd heb. De naam van vreemde goden moet gij niet uitspreken, ze mogen in uw mond niet gehoord worden.” (Exodus 23:13 WV78)
“U moogt geen omgang hebben met de volken die nog zijn overgebleven; u moogt de naam van uw goden niet aanroepen en bij hen niet zweren; u moogt hen niet vereren of u voor hen neerbuigen.” (Jozua 23:7 WV78)
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Vervolg: Een Naam voor een God #9 Vals geloof gevoed door vrees
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Nota: In de volgende reeks zal u in het Engels kunnen lezen hoe namen kunnen veranderen vn streek tot steek en andere spreektaal, maar zal u kunnen zien welk gevaar er in schuilt bij het wijzigen van een klank of een vertaling van een naam. > Another way looking at a language.
Wees niet bang om Gods Naam te durven gebruiken en trek je niet aan van wat anderen zeggen.
Lees daarom ook:
- In de hand #2 Vorming en afleiding
- In de hand #4 Angst voor de wereld
- In de hand #5 Niet bang zich te geven
- Rond God de Allerhoogste
- Geloof in slechts één God
- God, Jezus Christus en de Heilige Geest
- Niet zeker dat er een God is
- Bestaat er een God die zich om ons bekommert?
- Jehovah wiens Naam Heilig is
- Jehovah mijn sterkte
- Eigenheden aan God toegeschreven
- Redenen dat Jezus niet God is
- Is God Drie-eenheid
- Op wie Hopen
- Goddelijke redenen hoger dan de onze
- God komt ons ten goede
- God is positief
- God Helper en Bevrijder
Heb vertrouwen in de juiste personen, en vooral in de eerste plaats in de Schepper van hemel en aarde, Jehovah.
- Some one or something to fear #5 Not afraid
- Some one or something to fear #6 Faith in the Most High
- Some one or something to fear #7 Not afraid for Gods Name
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Aanverwant:
- Some one or something to fear #2 Attitude and Reactions
- Some one or something to fear #3 Cases, folks and outing
- What is your greatest fear?
- God wordt heerser van onze passies
- Zielige verlangens
Een Naam voor een God #7 Jahwe(h) niet Hebreeuws
YaHuWah, Yahweh, Jahwe of Jehovah
3. Verwarring
3.3. “Jahwe(h) is Geen Hebreeuwse naam.”
“Twee moderne vormen van YHWH zijn in Bijbel vertalingen gebruikt, namelijk, Yahweh en Jehova. Zij hebben verschillende klinkers en de eerste heeft twee lettergrepen terwijl de tweede drie heeft. Mijn argument is geweest dat Yahweh als een vorm, dicht bij het origineel, zou moeten uitgesloten worden voor twee hoofdredenen, 1) Het (Yahweh) heeft geen basis in niet gevocaliseerde (zonder interpunctie) Hebreeuws teksten of in de Masoretische tekst en 2) het (yahweh) heeft twee lettergrepen, terwijl de theophorische namen voorstellen dat YHWH drie lettergrepen had (zoals in Jehova wordt gevonden).” -(Rolf Furuli Spreker in Semitische talen Universiteit van Oslo)
2 of 3 Lettergrepig
“Yahweh is een ongelukkig compromis. Het is geen Engels woord. en het is geen Hebreeuws woord”. (Eric Rasmusen; Indiana Universiteit Stichting Professor)
“YAHWEH is geen Hebreeuwse naam”. (–The Wet en de Profeten, — The Law and the Prophets, uitgegeven door John H. Skilton, Milton C. Fisher, en Leslie W. Sloat)
“niet-bijgelovige Joodse vertalers begunstigden altijd de naam Jehova in hun vertalingen van de Bijbel. Aan de andere kant kan men opmerken dat er GEEN Joodse vertaling van de Bijbel met Yahweh is”. (-M. Gérard GERTOUX; een Hebreeuws geleerde, specialist van de Tetragram; president van de Vereniging Biblique de Recherche d’Anciens Manuscrits)
Ook is er geen constante als wij Yahashuwah / Yashua niet met Yeshua of Yesus maar met Jesus of Jezus vertalen, ook al zal men daar kunnen opmerken dat wij beter Yahashuwah/Yahushua met Jahushua in plaats van Jashua of Jeshua zouden kunnen vertalen, waarvan dat laatste Yah Zeus (Jezus) eigenlijk kan aanzien worden als een aanroeping van Zeus terwijl het anders God redt betekend of “Redding is van God gekomen” en de volle waarde inhoudt van de Nazarener die ook de tittel mee kreeg van ha’Mashiah – de Messias.
“Vertalen zoals Yahweh spreekt de wijze tegen waarop wij yod bijna overal anders in de Bijbel vertalen. Wij vertalen niet Yona, maar Jonah. Joshua, niet Yeshua. Jeruzalem, niet Yerusalem. Judah, Jezus en Judas, overal is J gebruikt. Voornamelijk in de theophorische namen, zou iedereen die Yahweh gebruikt Y moeten gebruiken voor die namen en niet J. Indien u zowel hebt verwezen naar “Yahweh” en “Jezus” bent u grof tegenstrijdig”. (Eric Rasmusen; Indiana Universiteit Stichting Professor)
“De oudste archeologische getuigenis begunstigt de uitspraak Jehova. Een korte inscriptie gedateerd van de tijd van Amenophis III (circa 1400 BCE) is te Soleb gevonden. ..” (-M. Gérard GERTOUX; een Hebreeuws geleerde, specialist van de Tetragram; president van de Vereniging Biblique de Recherche d’Anciens Manuscrits)
Ook voor de Messiaanse Karaite Rabbijn staat het vast dat het zoals reeds op verschillende debatten op verschillende forums geklaard is geworden dat zoals Emanuel en Nehemiah Gordon geloven dat de Naam van God dichter bij Yehowah is, die gelijkaardig is aan het Nederlandse Jehova of het beter Jehovah, wel in het Engels dikwijls verkeerd uitgesproken als ‘Dsie’ (Dsee) in de plaats van ‘Jee(h)’ (Yeah). “Nehemiah Gordon… verdedigt Yehovah na uitgebreide studie van de Masoretische Tekstmanuscripten. Het overzicht van Nehemiah. ..gebaseerd op het studeren van de eigenlijke manuscripten onder Emanuel Tov, is dat… de vroegere Masoretische manuscripten allemaal een Yehowah of Yehovah uitspraak hebben. ..” [Zoek God Vereniging - Seek God Association (Michael John Rood: Messianic Karaite Rabbi) ]
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Nota:
The logo for the Hebrew language Wiktionary. - Image via Wikipedia
Verreweg het grootste gedeelte van het Oude Testament is geschreven in het Hebreeuws, ook bekend als Lesjon HaKodesj (‘de heilige taal’) maar soms ook als Ivriet, algemeen de taal van het jodendom en behoort tot de Semitische tak van de Afro-Aziatische talen. Het verschil tussen modern Hebreeuws en klassiek Hebreeuws is niet zo groot, maar toch noemenswaardig en enigszins apart. Met name de zinsconstructie wijkt op veel punten af. Omdat deze taal zo sterk afwijkt van de onze, is zij niet zo gemakkelijk aan te leren. De lettertekens wijken sterk af van het door ons gebruikte Latijnse schrift en de woorden worden van rechts naar links geschreven. Het Hebreeuwse alfabet bestaat oorspronkelijk alleen uit medeklinkers. De klinkers moesten er door de lezer worden bijgedacht. Omdat dit niet meeviel – met name in de tijd dat het Hebreeuws als spreektaal in onbruik raakte – heeft men later aan het schrift van het Oude Testament een systeem van klinkers toegevoegd.
Hebreeuws behoort tot de Semitische tak van de Afro-Aziatische talen. Hierdoor is het Hebreeuws verwant aan andere Semitische talen als het Arabisch, Aramees en Akkadisch en in mindere mate ook aan andere Afro-Aziatische talen als het Amhaars, Berbers en het Egyptisch. Een kenmerk van veel Semitische talen, waaronder het Hebreeuws, is het zogenaamde triconsonantalisme. Bijna alle woorden kunnen herleid worden tot drie consonanten (medeklinkers), de radicalen, die de wortel (radix) van het woord vormen. Sommige radicaalstammen zijn ‘afgesleten’ of ‘uitgehold’, zodat er soms nog maar twee radicalen zichtbaar zijn. Er zijn ook stammen die uit meer dan drie radicalen bestaan, soms onder invloed van andere talen. En dan zijn er nog de leenwoorden, waarvoor de linguïstische wetten van het Hebreeuws uiteraard niet gelden. Hoewel het Jiddisch veel Hebreeuwse en Aramese woorden bevat, behoort die taal tot de Germaanse tak van de Indo-Europese talen – dezelfde taalgroep waartoe ook het Nederlands, het Duits en het Engels behoren.
Voor het verstaan van de bijbelse boodschap is het van belang dat men zich zo goed mogelijk kan inleven in het denken van de auteurs en kennis heeft van hun leefwereld. Kennis van de oorspronkelijke taal waarin de Bijbel geschreven is, speelt hierin een belangrijke rol.
Om de taal goed te kunnen begrijpen is het een hulp als wij bij onze Joodse buren te rade gaan. In onze contreien is het ook handig als wij het Jiddisch aanhoren. Het Jiddisch of Jiddisj (ייִדיש jidisj of אידיש idisj of יודיש Jüdisch, “Joods-Duits“) is een Germaanse taal, die door ongeveer drie miljoen joden over de hele wereld gesproken wordt en zelfs enkele woorden in ons Nederlands heeft gebracht. Het Jiddisch wordt doorgaans van rechts naar links geschreven met het Hebreeuwse alfabet. Het is tussen de 9e en 11e eeuw in het Rijnland ontstaan als omgangstaal van de joden. Zij noemden deze taal Loshn Ashkenaz (van Hebreeuws lasjon: de “tale Asjkenaz’”) of bescheidener Taytsh (Teutsch). Ook al is het taalkundig niet helemaal aan het Hebreeuws verwant kan men er toch nog de denkwijze van de Hebreeuwse taal met haar vele gezegden in terug vinden. Het zijn die zegswijzen die belangrijk zijn om de eigenlijke mening van bepaalde Bijbelse uitspraken goed te begrijpen. De naam Jiddisch is afgeleid van Middelhoogduits Jüd, Jiddisch (Jodenduits) yid (Jood). Er bestaan verschillende dialecten van het Jiddisch.
Asjkenazische joden gebruiken traditioneel tevens een uitspraak voor religieus Hebreeuws die verschilt van de Sefardische uitspraak, die door de makers van het ‘Modern Hebreeuws‘ is overgenomen toen die taal gemaakt werd. Het belangrijkste verschil is dat de letter ‘tav’ wanneer deze zonder dagesh (puntje) geschreven wordt, als ‘s’ in plaats van als ‘t’ wordt uitgesproken. Daarnaast wordt een ‘a’ in veel gevallen een ‘o’ (en in bepaalde dialecten een ‘oe’). Zo wordt ‘sjabbat’ dus ‘sjabbos’, de uitspraak die tegenwoordig ook door vrijwel alle niet-Jiddisch sprekende Asjkenazische orthodoxe joden gebruikt wordt. In verschillende dialecten worden vele andere klinkers ook anders uitgesproken. Zo wordt in Pools en Hongaars/Jeruzalems Jiddisch, de twee varianten die met name in de chassidische gemeenschap gebruikt worden, de ‘u/oe’ uitgesproken als ‘ie’ en een bepaalde ‘a’ als ‘oe’.
Voorbeelden:
- ‘Onze gebeden’ is in Sefardisch Hebreeuws: Tefilateinoe. Litouws Asjkenazisch: Tefiloseinoe. Hongaars Asjkenazisch: Tefiloeseinie.
- ‘Israël’ is in Sefardisch Hebreeuws: Yisrael. Litouws Asjkenazisch: Yisroel. Hongaars Asjkenazisch: Yisrueil.
Met dank aan Wikipedia voor broninformatie en gebruik
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Vervolg: Een Naam voor een God #8 Vergeten of weigeren
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Related articles
- The Bible and names in it (christadelphians.wordpress.com)
Yahweh Yahwah Yaveh Yaweh Jehova
Jahova Jahovah Yahova Yahovah Jahowa
Jahowah Yahavah Jahavah Yahowe Yahoweh
Jahaveh Jahaweh Yahaveh Yahaweh Jahuweh
Yahuweh Iahueh Jahuwah Yahuwah Yahu
Jahu Yahvah Jahvah Jahve Jahveh Yahve
Yahwe Yaohu Yahway Yaohu Yahvah
Yahuwah Iahueh Yahuah Yehowah Jehovah - The wrong hero (Steppingtoes)
In the Western World we can find people who love to honour a creator that is far beyond any human person. In the East people worship other gods, but also do have three or two headed divinities. The clergy and followers of the many sects of Christendom worship also such more than one in one god, but they prefer not to give them a specific name. - The Full Character of The Father and Son Revealed in Their Hebrew Names Using the Hebrew Aleph-Bet (stein9398.wordpress.com)
YHVH- “Yod-Hey-Vav/Waw-Hey” also known as “HaShem” or “The Name” within many Jewish circles, as men forbid them, to utter the Name of their Elohim, Yahweh. This is due to a misunderstanding of the Third Commandment: Exodus/Shemot 20:7; [Gimel/gl] “You shall not bring the Name of hwhy your Elohim to vain emptiness; for hwhy will not hold him guiltless that brings His Name to vain emptiness.” hwhy is the Sacred Name for the Elohim of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Moshe, as well as all the Prophets of Old. - Survey: Bible Readers want Accuracy, Word-for-Word Translation (prweb.com)
Most American Bible readers prefer word-for-word translations of the original Greek and Hebrew over thought-for-thought translations and value accuracy over readability. - The Titles of God (faithbibleministries.wordpress.com)
In the Old Testament a concept God used to communicate Himself and His relationship to Israel was the titles that He used for Himself. These titles reflect insights into God’s personage and character and are extremely insightful to the believer. - The Attributes of God (Christadelphians main Googlesite)
The problem with many people is that they tangle up titles with names. God has clearly given Himself a Name of which He wants it to be known all over the world.We should not be afraid to use that Holy Name of the Only One God: Jehovah. - A Newly Developed Language Decoder Reveals the Torah is the Lost Book of Thoth Who is Hebrew God Yhwh-Elohim (prweb.com)
In his upcoming book the Keys to the library, Joe Lanyadoo reveals a new decoder that offers a new understanding of the Torah, the origin of language and the origin of the human race. Using the decoder reveals that all religious writings tell the same story and were written by the same deity. The Tho-Ra was given to Moses 3500 years ago by its author Yhwh, E.l.h.i.m אֱלֹהִים who is none other than the Egyptian Moon god Thoth, the god of all knowledge and all writing who Lanyadoo claims wrote all religious myths. - What’s in a name? (bethemunah.wordpress.com)
The Apostles did not call Him Jesus, they called Him Yeshua. Why is that significant? Because if you go to the Hebrew you can see that in His name is salvation, health, prosperity, deliverance etc… - Hebreeuws en Aramees vs Germaanse talen (Christadelphians on multiply)
Het is in de optie rekening te houden met de originele taal dat wij ook beter voorkeur zouden geven aan óf hetzelfde gebruik van een woord óf om een gelijkaardige vertaling te gebruiken. Men kan niet voor één worod een bepaalde klinker of medeklinkerkeuze gebruiken terwijl men voor een ander woord een andere medeklinker en klinker keuze zou gaan toepassen. Zo kan de Yod in het Hebreeuws niet vervangen worden door een J terwijl men op een andere plaats de voorkeur geeft aan het gebruik van een Ypsolom. - Hebrew, Aramaic and Bibletranslation (Christadelphians on multiply)
By using the Jewish script, square script, block script, or more historically, the Assyrian script, it has to be taken into account how it is spoken out and how one word is written against an other. Best it can be compared to other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. - Bethlehem’s-this word from which language (wiki.answers.com)
Here are a few more Hebrew words that were imported into the King James translation
with little or no change from Hebrew:Adam, Eve, Cain, Abel, Methuselah, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob,
Joseph, Simon, Asher, Dinah, Judah, Benjamin, Joshua, David, Michael, Gabriel,
Nazareth, Jerusalem, Bethesda, behemoth, leviathan.
